Sun god

An early 20th-century poster of Surya Other names Aditya, Suraj, Bhaskara, Bhanu, Divakara, Suryanarayana, Ravi, Kathiravan, Prabhakara, Vivasvan, Savitr, Aadhavan Affiliation Deva, Adityas, Navagraha, Indra, Vishnu, Shiva Abode Suryalok Planet Sun Mantra "Japā Kusuma Sankāśaṃ Kāśyapeyaṃ Mahādyutiṃ, Tamoriṃ Sarva Pāpaghnaṃ Praṇato'smi Divākaraṃ" and "Oṃ Surya Devāy Namaḥ" Weapon Wand, Trisula, Chakra, Gada and Conch Shell Day Sunday Number 1 Mount Chariot drawn by seven horses Charioteer: Aruṇa [1] Personal information Parents Mind • Ātman (self) • Anātman (non-self) • Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body) • Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs) • Prajña (wisdom) • Ānanda (happiness) • Viveka (discernment) • Vairagya (dispassion) • Sama (equanimity) • Dama (temperance) • Uparati (self-settledness) • Titiksha (forbearance) • Shraddha (faith) • Samadhana (concentration) • Arishadvargas (six enemies) • Ahamkara (attachment) Modern • Aurobindo • Bhaktivinoda Thakur • Chinmayananda • Dayananda Saraswati • Jaggi Vasudev • Krishnananda Saraswati • Mahavatar Babaji • Mahesh Yogi • Narayana Guru • Nigamananda • Nisargadatta Maharaj • Prabhupada • Radhakrishnan • R.

D. Ranade • Ramakrishna • Ramana Maharshi • Sai Sun god • Sarasvati • Satyadhyana Tirtha • Siddharameshwar Maharaj • Sivananda • Swami Rama Tirtha • Swami Ramdas • Swami Samarth • Swami Shraddhanand • Tibbetibaba • Trailanga • U. G. Krishnamurti • Upasni Maharaj • Vivekananda • Yogananda • v • t sun god e Surya ( / ˈ s uː r j ə/; [3] Sanskrit: सूर्य, IAST: Sūrya) is the sun [4] : 399–401 and the solar deity in Sun god, [4] : 343 particularly in the Saura tradition found in Indian states such as Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand and Odisha.

Surya is one of the major five deities in Hinduism, considered as equivalent deities in Panchayatana puja and means to realize Brahman in the Smarta Tradition. [5] : 113 Synonyms of Surya in ancient Indian literature include Aditya, Arka, Bhanu, Savitr, Pushan, Ravi, Martanda, Mitra, Bhaskara, Prabhakara, Kathiravan, and Vivasvan.

{INSERTKEYS} [4] : 5, 39, 247, 343, 399–400 [6] [7] The iconography of Surya is often depicted riding a chariot harnessed by horses, often seven in number [1] which represent the seven colours of visible light, and seven days in a week. [4] : 399–401 [8] In medieval Hinduism, Surya was worshipped as Lord Brahma during the day, Lord Shiva at noon and Lord Vishnu in the evening.

[4] : 343 [9] In some ancient texts and arts, Surya is presented syncretically with Indra, Ganesha or others. {/INSERTKEYS}

{INSERTKEYS} [8] [4] : 5, 39, 247, 343, 399–400 Surya as a deity is also found in the arts and literature of Buddhism and Jainism.In the Mahabharata and Ramayana, Surya is present as the spiritual father of Lord Rama and Karna(the protagonists of the Mahabharata and Ramayana). Surya was the supreme deity after Lord Shiva during the time of Mahabharata and Ramayana [10] [11] Surya is depicted with a Chakra, also interpreted as Dharmachakra.

[12] Surya is the lord of Simha (Leo), one of the twelve constellations in the zodiac system of Hindu astrology. Surya or Ravi is the basis of Ravivara, or Sunday, in the Hindu calendar. [13] Major festivals and pilgrimages in reverence for Surya include Makar Sankranti, Pongal, Samba Dashami, Ratha Sapthami, Chath puja and Kumbh Mela. [14] [15] [16] Having survived as a primary deity in Hinduism arguably better and longer than any other of the original Vedic deities, the worship of Surya declined greatly around the 13th century, perhaps as a result of the Muslim conquest of North India.

New Surya temples virtually ceased to be built, and some were later converted to a different dedication. A number of important Surya temples remain, but many are no longer in worship. In certain aspects, Surya has tended to be merged into Vishnu or Shiva, or seen as subsidiary to them. [17] Contents • 1 Texts and history • 1.1 Vedic • 1.1.1 Conflation with other solar deities • 1.2 Epics • 2 Iconography • 3 Astronomy • 4 Zodiac and astrology • 5 Temples and worship • 5.1 Dedicated temples • 5.2 Surya temples outside India • 6 In cultures, arts and other religions • 6.1 Festivals • 6.2 Dances • 6.3 Yoga • 6.4 Buddhism • 7 Outside Indian subcontinent • 7.1 Indonesia • 7.1.1 Worshiping Shiva Raditya in Bali • 8 Gallery • 9 See also • 10 Notes • 11 References • 12 Further reading • 13 External links Texts and history Vedic The Sun causes day and night on the earth, because of revolution, when there is night here, it is day on the other side, the sun does not really rise or sink.

— Aitareya Brahmana III.44 (Rigveda) [18] [19] The oldest surviving Vedic hymns, such as the hymn 1.115 of the Rigveda, mention Sūrya with particular reverence for the "rising sun" and its symbolism as dispeller of darkness, one who empowers knowledge, the good and all life. [20] [4] : 399–401 However, the usage is context specific.

In some hymns, the word Surya simply means sun as an inanimate object, a stone or a gem in the sky (Rigvedic hymns 5.47, 6.51 and 7.63); while in others it refers to a personified deity. [21] [4] : 399–401 Surya is prominently associated with the dawn goddess Ushas and sometimes, he is mentioned as her son or her husband. [22] Surya's origin differs heavily in the Rigveda, with him being stated to have been born, risen, or established by a number of deities, including the Ādityas, Aditi, Dyaush, Mitra- Varuna, Agni, Indra, Soma, Indra-Soma, Indra-Varuna, Indra- Vishnu, Purusha, Dhatri, the Angirases, and the gods in general.

[23] [21] The Atharvaveda also mentions that Surya originated from Vritra. [21] The Vedas assert Sun (Surya) to be the creator of the material universe ( Prakriti). [24] In the layers of Vedic texts, Surya is one of the several trinities along with Agni and either Vayu or Indra, which are presented as an equivalent icon and aspect of the Hindu metaphysical concept called the Brahman. [25] In the Brahmanas layer of Vedic literature, Surya appears with Agni (fire god) in the same hymns.

[26] Surya is revered for the day, while Agni for its role during the night. [26] The idea evolves, states Kapila Vatsyayan, where Surya is stated to be Agni as the first principle and the seed of the universe. [27] It is in the Brahmanas layer of the Vedas, [28] [29] and the Upanishads that Surya is explicitly linked to the power of sight, to visual perception and knowledge.

He is then interiorized to be the eye as ancient Hindu sages suggested abandonment of external rituals to gods in favor of internal reflections and meditation of gods within, in one's journey to realize the Atman (soul, self) within, in texts such as the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, Chandogya Upanishad, Kaushitaki Upanishad and others.

[30] [31] [32] Conflation with other solar deities Surya in Indian literature is referred to by various names, which typically represent different aspects or phenomenological characteristics of the Sun. The figure of Surya as we know him today is an amalgamation of various different Rigvedic deities. [33] Thus, Savitr refers to one that rises and sets, Aditya means one with splendor, Mitra refers to Sun as "the great luminous friend of all mankind", [34] while Pushan refers to Sun as illuminator that helped the Devas win over Asuras who use darkness.

[35] Arka, Mitra, Vivasvat, Aditya, Tapan, Ravi and Surya have different characteristics in early mythologies, but by the time of the epics they are synonymous. [35] The term "Arka" is found more commonly in temple names of north India and in the eastern parts of India.

The 11th century Konark Temple in Odisha is named after a composite word "Kona and Arka", or "Arka in the corner". [36] : 6–7 Other Surya temples named after Arka include Devarka (Deva teertha) and Ularka (Ulaar) in Bihar, Uttararka and Lolarka in Uttar Pradesh, and Balarka in Rajasthan. Another 10th-century sun temple ruin is in Bahraich, Uttar Pradesh named Balarka Surya Mandir, which was destroyed in the 14th century during the Turkish invasions.

[ citation needed] Vivasvat, also known as Vivasvant, [37] is also one such of these deities. His wife is Saranyu, daughter of Tvashtar. His sons include the Ashvins, Yama, and Manu. Through Manu, Vivasvat is considered an ancestor of humanity. Vivasvat is affiliated with Agni and Matarishvan, with Agni being stated to have been first revealed to those two. Vivasvat is also variously related to Indra, Soma, and Varuna.

Vivasvant is also used as an adjective of Agni and Ushas to mean "brilliant". Already by the time of his earliest appearance (the Rigveda), Vivasvat had declined in importance. He was likely a solar deity, but scholars debate his specific role as one. [38] In the Rigveda, Indra drinks Soma alongside Manu Vivasvat and Trita. [38] In post-Vedic literature, Vivasvat further declines in importance, and is merely another name for the sun.

[38] He is cognate to the Avestan Vivanhvant, who is the father of Yima (cognate to Yama) and Manu. [38] [39] Epics As per the Ramayana's Yuddha Kanda, Lord Rama was taught the Ādityahṛdayam stotra before his war against Ravana, the king of the rakshasas.

The stotra was composed in Anushtup Chanda in praise of Lord Surya, who is described as the embodiment of all gods and the origin of everything in the universe. The Mahabharata epic opens its chapter on Surya that reverentially calls him as the "eye of the universe, soul of all existence, origin of all life, goal of the Samkhyas and Yogis, and symbolism for freedom and spiritual emancipation.

[4] : 399–401 In the Mahabharata, Karna is the son of Surya and unmarried princess Kunti. [4] : 399–401 The epic describes Kunti's trauma as an unmarried mother, then abandonment of Karna, followed by her lifelong grief.

Baby Karna is found and adopted by a charioteer but he grows up to become the greatest warrior and the central hero of the great battle of Kurukshetra where he fights his half brothers during the war. [40] Iconography Surya in a Buddhist Bodh Gaya relief, 2nd century BCE. Earliest representations of Surya riding a chariot occur in the Buddhist railings of the Mahabodhi temple in Bodhgaya (2nd century BCE), in the Bhaja Caves (1st century BCE), and the Ananta Gumpha at the Khandagiri caves (1st century CE).

[41] The iconography of Surya in Hinduism varies with its texts. He is typically shown as a resplendent standing person holding a sunflower in both hands, riding a chariot pulled by one or more horses typically seven.

[42] The seven horses are named after the seven meters of Sanskrit prosody: Gayatri, Brihati, Ushnih, Jagati, Trishtubha, Anushtubha and Pankti. Surya on his charriot with horses, Bhaja Caves (1st cent BCE). The Brihat Samhita of Varaha Mihira ( c. 505-587), a Hindu text that describes architecture, iconography and design guidelines, states that Surya should be shown with two hands and wearing a crown.

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It specifically describes his dress to be Northern (i.e. Central Asian, with boots). [43] In contrast, the Vishnudharmottara, another Hindu text on architecture, states Surya iconography should show him with four hands, with flowers in two hands, a staff in third, and in fourth he should be shown to be holding writing equipment (Kundi palm leaf sun god pen symbolizing knowledge).

[4] : 399–401 His chariot sun god in both books is stated to be Aruṇa who is seated. [4] : 399–401 Two females typically flank him, who represent the sun god goddesses named Usha and Pratyusha. The goddesses are shown to be shooting arrows, a symbolism for their initiative to challenge darkness. [44] In other representations, these goddesses are Surya's two wives, Samjna and Chhaya.

[45] The iconography of Surya has also varied over time. In some ancient arts, particularly from the early centuries of the common era, his iconography is similar to those found in Persia and Greece suggesting likely adoption of Greek, Iranian and Scythian influences.

[46] [4] : 399–401 After the Greek and Kushan influences arrived in ancient India, some Surya icons of the period that followed show him wearing a cloak and high boots. [44] [47] In some Buddhist artwork, his chariot is shown as being pulled by four horses. [10] The doors of Buddhist monasteries of Nepal show him, along with the Chandra (moon god), symbolically with Surya depicted as a red circle with rays.

[48] Aniconic symbols of Surya include the Swastika and the ring-stone. [44] Astronomy Surya means Sun in Indic literature. Above: Sunrise in Uttarakhand, India Surya as an important heavenly body appears in various Indian astronomical texts in Sanskrit, such as the 5th century Aryabhatiya by Aryabhata, the 6th century Romaka by Latadeva and Panca Siddhantika by Varahamihira, the 7th century Khandakhadyaka by Brahmagupta and the 8th century Sisyadhivrddida by Lalla.

[49] These texts present Surya and various planets sun god estimate the characteristics of the respective planetary motion. [49] Other texts such as Surya Siddhanta dated to have been complete sometime between the 5th century and 10th century present their chapters on various planets with deity mythologies.

[49] The manuscripts of these texts exist in slightly different versions, present Surya- and planets-based calculation and its relative motion to earth.

These vary in their data, suggesting that the text were open and revised over their lives. [50] [51] [52] For example, the 10th century BCE Hindu scholars had estimated the sidereal length of a year as follows, from their astronomical studies, with slightly different results: [53] Sanskrit texts: How many days in a year? Hindu text Estimated length of the sidereal year [53] Surya Siddhanta 365 days, 6 hours, 12 minutes, 36.56 seconds Paulica Siddhanta 365 days, 6 hours, 12 minutes, 36 seconds Paracara Siddhanta 365 days, 6 hours, 12 minutes, 31.50 seconds Arya Siddhanta 365 days, 6 hours, 12 minutes, 30.84 seconds Laghu Arya Siddhanta 365 days, 6 hours, 12 minutes, 30 seconds Siddhanta Shiromani 365 days, 6 hours, 12 minutes, 9 seconds The oldest of these is likely to be the Surya Siddhanta, while the most accurate is the Siddhanta Shiromani.

[53] Zodiac and astrology Surya (center) is typically depicted holding lotus flowers sun god riding in a horse-drawn chariot. He is accompanied by his wives (bottom female figures) and children (other male figures). The dawn goddesses (top female figures) are depicted shooting arrows. Circa 9th century CE. Surya's synonym Ravi is the root of the word 'Ravivara' or Sunday in the Hindu calendar.

[54] In both Indian and Greek-Roman nomenclature for days of the week, the Sunday is dedicated to the Sun. Surya is a part of the Navagraha in Hindu zodiac system. The role and importance of the Navagraha developed over time with various sun god. Deifying the sun and its astrological significance occurred as early as the Vedic period and was recorded in the Vedas. The earliest work of astrology recorded in India is the Vedanga Jyotisha which began to be compiled in the 14th century BCE.

It was possibly based on works from the Indus Valley Civilization as well as various foreign influences. [55] Babylonian astrology was the first to develop astrology and the calendar, and was adopted by multiple civilizations including India. [56] [57] The Navagraha developed from early works of astrology over time.

The Sun and various classical planets were referenced in the Atharvaveda around 1000 BCE. The Navagraha was furthered by additional contributions from Western Asia, including Zoroastrian and Hellenistic influences.

[58] The Yavanajataka, or 'Science of the Yavanas', was written by the Indo-Greek named " Yavanesvara" ("Lord of the Greeks") under the rule of the Western Kshatrapa king Rudrakarman I. The Yavanajataka written in 120 BCE is often attributed to standardizing Indian astrology.

The Navagraha would further develop and culminate in the Shaka era with the Saka, or Scythian, people. Additionally the contributions by the Saka people would be the basis of the Indian national calendar, which is also called the Saka calendar.

The Hindu calendar is a Lunisolar calendar which records both lunar and solar cycles. Like the Navagraha, it was developed with the successive contributions of various works. Temples and worship Surya temples are found in many parts of India. More common than Surya temples are artwork related to Surya, sun god are found in all types of temples of various sun god within Hinduism, such as the Hindu temples related to Shiva, Vishnu, Ganesha and Shakti. [60] Reliefs on temple walls, forts and artwork above doorways of many Hindu monasteries feature Surya.

[61] [60] Sun Temple, Modhera Many of the temples that contain Surya icons and artwork are dated to the second half of the 1st millennium BCE and early centuries of the 2nd millennium. The 11th-century Vaishnava temple at Kadwaha in Madhya Pradesh, for example, features a Surya artwork along with many other gods and goddesses at its doorway.

[60] The 8th and 9th century goddess (Shaktism) temples of central India, similarly engrave Surya along with other Hindu gods within the temple. [60] The six century Shiva temple at Gangadhar in Rajasthan includes Surya.

[62] Similar mentions are found in stone inscriptions found near Hindu temples, such as the 5th century Mandasor inscription. [63] These temples, states Michael Meister, do not glorify one god or goddess over the other, but present them independently and with equal emphasis in a complex iconography. [60] Cave temples of India, similarly, dedicated to different gods and goddesses feature Surya.

[64] [65] For example, the 6th century carvings in the Ellora Caves in Maharashtra as well as the 8th and 9th century artworks there, such as Cave 25, the Kailasha Temple (Cave 16) and others feature complete iconography of Surya.

[66] [67] Hindu temples predominantly have their primary entrance facing east, and their square principle based architecture is reverentially aligned the direction of the rising Surya.

[68] [69] This alignment towards the sunrise is also found in most Buddhist and Jaina temples in and outside of India. [70] [71] Dedicated temples A prominent temple dedicated to Surya can be found in Arasavalli, which is in the Srikakulam district of Andhra Pradesh, India.

The coastal district temple is peculiar with its latitude aligned to the minor lunar standstill. Also the transition from lunar calendar of north India to solar calendar of south Sun god can be seen in the local culture. This is probably the eastern most coastal sun temple in the peninsular India, where prayers are offered till date.

The place, Chicacole, has a significance in the Kalinga (historical region) kingdom with their port at Kalingapatnam, making it to Megasthenes dairy ( Calingae). The diaspora is spread in the present day south east Asia sun god historical Kalinga (province), Kalingga Kingdom etc.

Deo Surya Mandir Other most worshiped Surya temple is the Deo Surya Mandir. Sun Temple of Deo is one of the most remarkable, major crowd-puller and notable temple and religious place in Deo, Bihar, India for chhath puja. Deo Sun Temple Built in during sun god 8th century. In Tamil Nadu, Navagraha temples are world famous. Suryanar kovil situated in Tanjore district of Tamil Nadu is one among the Navagraha temples and it is dedicated to Surya.

Here lord Surya is called as Sivasurya Perumal. It is the first among the Navagraha temples of Tamil Nadu. [72] The most famous Surya temple is the Konark Sun Temple, a World Heritage Site in Orissa. [73] Constructed in the 13th century by the Eastern Ganga dynasty, on a pre-existing pilgrimage site for Surya god, the temple architecture mimics a grand chariot with twelve wheels pulled by seven horses.

[73] [74] The temple features Surya in three representations, with the main large Surya destroyed and the temple damaged over the course of repeated Muslim invasions. [36] : 17–20 Besides Konark, there are two other sun temples in Orissa called Biranchi Narayan Sun Temple. There are sun temples in many parts of India, such as Modhera, Gujarat.

[75] It was sponsored by King Bhimdev of the Chaulukya dynasty. Other major Surya temples are found in Kanakaditya Temple in Kasheli (Dist ratnagiri) – Maharashtra, near the famous Galtaji's temple in Jaipur, Rajasthan and Assam.

Adithyapuram Sun Temple is a Hindu temple located in Iravimangalam near Sun god in Kottayam district in the Indian state of Kerala dedicated to Surya. It is noted as the only Surya shrine in the Kerala state.

[76] [77] The Martand Sun Temple in Jammu and Kashmir was destroyed by Islamic armies. [78] A surviving Surya temple in northern India is Kattarmal Surya mandir in Almora District, Uttarakhand created by King Kattarmal in the 12th century. [ citation needed] The Gurjars were essentially sun worshipers and some of the sun temples were erected by them during the medieval period. [79] The sun temple known as Jayaditya was constructed by Gurjar king of Nandipuri, Jayabhatta II.

This temple is situated at Kotipura near Kapika in the Bharukachha district. [80] The Surya temple of Bhinmal known as Jagaswami Surya temple was also erected during this period. [81] Konark Sun Temple Panoramic View Surya temples outside India The Sun Temple of Multan (in modern-day Pakistan) contained a revered statue of Surya. It was one of the focal points of Hindu-Muslim religious conflicts.

[82] After 871 BCE, Multan (Panjab) was under the rule by Arab princes, who kept the Surya temple hostage and desecrated it, [83] in order to threaten its destruction if the Hindu Gurjara attacked them.

[84] The early Muslim rulers taxed Hindu pilgrims for the privilege to visit the Surya temple, and this provided these rulers an important source of revenue. [85] The Surya temple was destroyed by Ismaili Shia rulers in the late 10th century, who built a mosque atop the site, abandoning the Sunni congregational mosque in Multan.

[86] This Ismaili Shia mosque atop the Sun Temple's ruins was then destroyed by the Sunni ruler Mahmud of Ghazni, the Surya temple was not rebuilt and an empty space left in place, actions that helped re-establish the importance of the Sunni mosque in Multan. [86] While Shiva and Vishnu are more common in 1st millennium southeast Asian artwork such as those found in Cambodia and Thailand, archaeological evidence suggest god Surya were among the pantheon of ideas adopted early in these regions and retained after Buddhism became the dominant tradition.

[87] In Kabul Khair Khāna, there is a Hindu temple dedicated to Surya, [88] of two distinct periods. The first period consisted of a mud-brick temple with possible human sacrifice remains dedicating it. This was then superseded by three distinct sanctuaries built of schist slabs, surrounded by subsidiary buildings of diaper masonry construction and an open-air altar in a semi-circular enclosure.

The most important finds were two marble statues of Surya, the first example found during the original excavations (1934, Delegation Archaeologique Française Afghanistan), the second example found by accident in 1980. In Nepal, many Surya temples and artworks trace to the medieval era, such as the 11th-century Thapahiti and Saugal-tol, and 12th century Naksal stone sculptures. [89] Artifacts discovered sun god the Sanxingdui culture founded c.

1600 BCE, about 40 km from present day Chengdu, capital city of Sichuan province China reveal an ancient worship of sun-deity, similar to Surya. The artifacts include a gold sheet with design of four birds flying around the sun deity, and a bronze sculpture of the surya-chakra.

[90] In cultures, arts and other religions Sculpture depicting 12 asana's of Surya Namaskara A in Terminal T3 at IGIA Airport, New Delhi, India, created by Nikhil Bhandari. [91] Festivals Sun god festivals mark deity Surya and these vary regionally in India. Pongal or Makara Sankaranti is the most widely celebrated Hindu festival dedicated to the Sun God. These celebrate a good harvest. Other festivals that focus on Surya include Chhath of Bihar, eastern Uttar Pradesh and the neighboring regions, Samba Dashami and Ratha Saptami are also major festivals celebrated in honour sun god Surya; Chhath is celebrated immediately after Diwali with fasting for three days followed by bathing in river or tank with remembrance of Sun.

[4] : 97 Similarly Aytar Puja is celebrated in Goa. [92] The latter is known as Aditya Ranubai in Maharashtra. [93] The second day sun god the Pongal harvest festival is dedicated to Surya in Tamil Nadu, and is called the "Surya Pongal".

[94] Another festival named Kartik Puja marks Surya, along with Shiva, Vishnu, Lakshmi, Radha, Krishna and Tulsi. It is observed by Hindu women, typically with visit to rivers such as the Ganges, socialization and group singing. [95] Dances The repertoire of classical Indian dances such as the Bharatanatyam include poses that signify rays of light beaming towards all of the universe, as a form of homage to Surya. [96] Yoga Sūrya namaskāra literally means sun salutation.

It is a Yoga warm up routine based on a sequence of gracefully linked asanas. [97] The nomenclature refers to the symbolism of Sun as the soul and the source of all life. It is relatively a modern practice that developed in the 20th century. [98] A yogi may develop a personalized yoga warm up routine as surya-namaskar to precede his or her asana practice. [99] The Gayatri Mantra is associated with Surya (Savitr). The mantra's earliest appearance is in the hymn 3.62.10 of the Rigveda.

[100] Might we make our own that desirable effulgence of god Savitar, who will rouse forth our insights. Gayatri mantra (translated by S. Jamison) [101] [102] Buddhism Surya is celebrated as a deity in Buddhist works of art, such as the ancient works attributed to Ashoka. He appears in a relief at the Mahabodhi temple in Bodhgaya, riding in a chariot pulled by four horses, with Usha and Prattyusha on his sides.

[10] Such artwork suggests that the Surya as symbolism for the victory of good over evil is a concept adopted in Buddhism from an earlier Indic tradition. [10] In Chinese Buddhism, Surya (日天, Rìtiān) is regarded as one of the Twenty-Four Devas (二十四諸天, Èrshísì zhūtiān) who are guardian protective deities of Buddhism. [103] His statue is usually enshrined in the Mahavira Hall of Chinese Buddhist temples, along with the other devas.

[104] In Japanese Buddhism, Surya is sun god of the twelve Devas, as guardian deities, who are found in sun god around Buddhist shrines (十二天, Jūni-ten). [105] In Japan, he has been called "Nit-ten". [106] [107] [108] On the Mount Meru buddhist cosmological system, Surya is considered a female deity, contrasting a male lunar god. [109] Outside Indian subcontinent Indonesia Batara Surya wayang (puppetry) figures In Indonesia. Surya ( Indonesian: Batara Surya) was adapted into Indonesian culture as the god who rules the sun, and was given the title "Batara".

Batara Surya is famous for sun god his heirlooms or gifts to the people he chooses. This god is famous for having many children from various women, among them from Dewi Kunti in the Mahabharata who gave birth to Adipati Karna. Batara Surya was hit when Anoman blamed Batara Surya for what happened to his mother, Dewi Anjani and her grandmother, who had been cursed by her husband. Anoman feels Batara Surya must be responsible so Anoman with his magic collects clouds from all over the world to cover sun god natural world so that the rays of the sun cannot reach the earth.

Fortunately, this incident can be resolved amicably so that Anoman voluntarily removes the clouds again so that the natural world is exposed to the sun again. Surya has three queens namely Saranyu (also called Saraniya, Saranya, Sanjna, or Sangya), Ragyi, and Prabha. Saranyu is the mother of Vaiwaswata Manu (seventh Manu, the present day), and twins Yama (god of death) and his sister Yami. She also bore him the twins known as Aswin, and the gods. Saranyu, unable to witness the bright light from Surya, created a clone of herself named Chaya, and orders her to act as Surya's wife during her absence.

Chaya had two sons by Surya-Sawarni Manu (the eighth Manu, the next) and Sani (the god of the planet Saturn), and two daughters-Tapti and Vishti. Batara Surya sun god had a son, Rewanta, or Raiwata, from Ragyi.

Interestingly, Surya's two sons – Sani and Yama – are responsible for judging humans' lives, after death. Sani gives the results of one's actions through one's life through appropriate punishments and rewards, while Yama gives the results of one's actions after death. In the Ramayana, Surya is mentioned as the father of King Sugriva, who helped Rama and Lakshmana in defeating King Ravana. He also trains Hanoman as his teacher. In the Mahabharata, Kunti receives a mantra from a sage, Durvasa; if spoken, he will be able to summon every god and bear children by him.

Believing in the power of this spell, Kunti unwittingly has summoned Surya, but when Surya appears, she sun god scared and demands him to return. However, Surya has an obligation to fulfill the spell before returning. Surya miraculously made Dewi Kunti to give birth to a child, while maintaining her virginity so that she, as an unmarried princess, would not have to face any shame or be the target of questions from society.

Kunti feels compelled to leave behind her son, Karna, who grows up to be one of the central characters in the great war of Kurukshetra.

Batara Surya statue, late eighth century, Central Java, Indonesia Worshiping Shiva Raditya in Bali In the Puranas in Bali, Batara Surya is the most intelligent student of Lord Shiva, so that Lord Surya was given the title Surya Raditya and used as an example to find out the intelligence or supernatural power of Lord Shiva, and as a thank you from Bhatara Surya, Lord Shiva was given an honorary title by the name of Bhatara Guru, because he is the teacher of the Gods.

There are others who argue, however, that in the transformation of the Puranas which is the interpretation of the maharsi on the Vedic chess book, it was Dewa Surya who later turned into Ludra, who was finally called Shiva, so that in worship chants it is often called the term Shiva Aditya. In the concept of Gama Bali there is a Pelinggih named Pelinggih Surya or Padmasana, which is a place to worship Lord Shiva who manifests as Shiva Raditya or the sun god.

In the Yayur Veda there are several special rituals for the Sulinggih who worship God in the morning in its manifestation as the Surya Batara, namely those that come from Surya Sewana or Surya Namaskar which means worshiping the Surya Batara. In the Panca Sembah mantra, there is also a special mantra aimed at Shiva Raditya. According to the general view, Batara Surya is worshiped because he is a witness to life and he is the best student of Lord Shiva, so he was given the title Hyang Siwa Raditya ("Surya student of Lord Shiva").

The importance of Dewa Surya in Bali can be seen from the existence of Sanggah Surya, which must always be present at every Yadnya ceremony in Bali. and this is poured in several Balinese literary manuscripts, one of which is the Bhama Kertih Lontar.

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doi: 10.1177/002182867300400102. S2CID 125228353. • Pingree, David (1981). Jyotihśāstra : Astral and Mathematical Literature. Otto Harrassowitz. ISBN 978-3447021654.

• Yukio Ohashi (1999). Johannes Andersen (ed.). Highlights of Astronomy. Vol. 11‑B. Springer Science. ISBN 978-0-7923-5556-4. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Surya. • "An ancient hymn to Surya". Hymns from the Rig Veda. • Sahu, R.K. (2012). "Sun worship in Odisha" (PDF). Orissa Review. Government of the State of Odisha, India.

• Sahu, R.K. (2011). "Iconography of Surya in the temple art of Orissa" (PDF). Orissa Review. Government of the State of Odisha, India. • Astrological aspects • Avastha • Atmakaraka • Ayanamsa • Bhāva • Choghadiya • Daśās • Drekkana • Dwadasama • Karmasthana • Lagna • Maraka • Muntha • Navamsa • Nadi astrology • Panchangam • Panjika • Planetary dispositors • Rashmi • Science and Astrology • Sarvatobhadra Chakra • Trikonasthanas • Upachayasthanas • Yoga-karakas • Vakri grahas Yogas • Adhi yoga • Akhanda Samrajya yoga • Balarishta • Bandhana yoga • Chamara yoga • Dainya yoga • Daridra yoga • Dhana yoga • Kahala yoga • Kemadruma yoga • Nabhasa yoga • Neechabhanga Raja yoga • Panch Mahapurusha yoga • Parajata yoga • Preshya yoga • Raja yoga • Sanyasa yoga • Viparita Raja yoga • Yoga Scriptures • Brihat Jataka • Bhavartha Ratnakara • Dasadhyayi • Garga Hora • Hora Sun god • Hora Sara • Jataka Parijata • Jaimini Sutras • Jatakalankara • Jataka Parijata • Jataka Bharanam • Jataka Tattva • Laghu Parashari • Mansagari • Prasna Tantra • Prasna Marga • Phaladeepika • Sanketa Nidhi • Sarvartha Chintamani • Tajika Neelakanthi Ancient Rishis/Astrologers Hidden categories: • CS1 errors: URL • Webarchive template wayback links sun god CS1: long volume value • CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh) • Articles with short description • Short description is different from Wikidata • Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages • Use dmy dates sun god May 2020 • Articles having same image on Wikidata and Wikipedia • EngvarB from April 2015 • Articles containing Sanskrit-language text • All articles with unsourced statements • Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 • Commons category link is on Wikidata • Articles with VIAF identifiers • Articles with WORLDCATID identifiers • Articles with GND identifiers • Articles with LCCN identifiers • Afrikaans • Alemannisch • العربية • অসমীয়া • বাংলা • Башҡортса • Беларуская • भोजपुरी • Bosanski • Català • Čeština • Deutsch • Español • فارسی • Français • Galego • ગુજરાતી sun god 한국어 • हिन्दी • Bahasa Indonesia • Italiano • Jawa • ಕನ್ನಡ • ქართული • Latviešu • Lietuvių • Magyar • Malagasy • മലയാളം • मराठी • მარგალური • Bahasa Melayu • Nederlands • नेपाली • 日本語 • Norsk bokmål • Norsk nynorsk • ଓଡ଼ିଆ • ਪੰਜਾਬੀ • پنجابی • Polski • Português • Русский • संस्कृतम् • Simple English • Slovenčina • Slovenščina • Suomi • Svenska • தமிழ் • Татарча/tatarça • ไทย • Türkçe • Українська • اردو • 中文 Edit links • This page was last edited on 7 May 2022, at 22:59 (UTC).

• Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0 ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. • Privacy policy • About Wikipedia • Disclaimers • Contact Wikipedia • Mobile view • Developers • Statistics • Cookie statement • • Contents • 1 African • 1.1 Egyptian mythology • 2 American • 2.1 Aztec mythology • 2.2 Brazilian mythology • 2.3 Incan mythology • 2.4 Inuit mythology • 2.5 Maya mythology • 2.6 Muisca mythology • 2.7 Other Amerindian mythology • 3 Asian • 3.1 Ainu mythology • 3.2 Arabian mythology • 3.3 Armenian mythology • 3.4 Chinese mythology • 3.5 Elamite • 3.6 Filipino mythology • 3.7 Gondi mythology • 3.8 Hinduism • 3.9 Hittite mythology • 3.10 Japanese mythology • 3.11 Mesopotamian mythology • 3.12 Scythian religion • 3.13 Tocharian • 3.14 Turkic mythology • 3.15 Persian mythology • 3.16 Zunism • 4 European • 4.1 Baltic mythology • 4.2 Basque mythology • 4.3 Celtic mythology • 4.4 Etruscan mythology • 4.5 Finnish mythology • 4.6 Germanic mythology • 4.7 Greek mythology • 4.8 Hungarian mythology • 4.9 Lusitanian sun god • 4.10 Minoan mythology • 4.11 Roman mythology • 4.12 Sami mythology • 4.13 Slavic mythology • 4.14 Other • 5 Oceania • 5.1 Australian Aboriginal mythology • 5.2 Māori mythology • 6 See also • 7 References African [ edit ] • Anyanwu, Igbo god believed to dwell in the Sun • Magec, Tenerife goddess of the Sun and light • Mawu, Dahomey goddess associated with the Sun and the Moon • uMvelinqangi, Xhosa and Zulu people's god of the Sun and sky • iNyanga, Zulu people, goddess of the Sun god • Ukhulukhulwanaa star, Zulu people's ancestor who came from the stars.

He taught them to build huts and taught them the high laws of isiNtu Egyptian mythology [ edit ] • Amun, creator deity sometimes identified as a Sun god sun god Aten, god of the Sun, the visible disc of the Sun • Atum, the "finisher of the world" who represents the Sun as it sets • Bast, cat goddess associated with the Sun • Hathor, mother of Horus and Ra and goddess of the Sun • Horus, god of the sky whose right eye was considered to be the Sun and his left the Moon • Khepri, god of the rising Sun, creation and renewal of life • Ptah, god of craftsmanship, the arts, and sun god, sometimes said to represent the Sun at night • Sun god, god of the Sun • Sekhmet, goddess of war and of the Sun, sometimes also plagues and creator of the desert • Sopdu, god of war and the scorching heat of the summer Sun American [ edit ] Aztec mythology [ edit ] • Huitzilopochtli, god of the Sun and war • Nanahuatzin, god of the Sun • Teoyaomicqui, god of lost souls, the Sun, and the sixth hour of the day • Tonatiuh, god of the Sun and ruler of the heavens Brazilian mythology [ edit ] • Guaraci, god of the Sun ( Guarani mythology) • Meri, folk hero and god of the Sun Incan mythology [ edit ] • Inti, god of the Sun and patron deity of the Inca Empire • Ch'aska ("Venus") or Ch'aska Quyllur ("Venus star") was the goddess sun god dawn and twilight, the planet Inuit mythology [ edit ] • Akycha, Sun goddess worshiped in Alaska • Malina, goddess of the Sun found most commonly in the legends of Greenland Maya mythology [ edit ] • Ah Kin, god of the Sun, bringer of doubt, and protector against the evils associated with darkness • Hunahpu, one of the Maya Hero Twins; he transformed into the Sun while his brother transformed into the Moon • Kinich Ahau, god of the Sun Muisca mythology [ edit ] • Sué, god of the Sun and husband of Chía, the Moon Other Amerindian mythology [ edit ] • Jóhonaaʼéí, the Navajo Sun god, known as The One Who Rules the Day • Kisosen, the Abenaki solar deity, an eagle whose wings opened to create the day and closed to cause the nighttime • Napioa, the Blackfoot deity of the Sun • Sun god, the Hopi creator and god of the Sun • Wi, Lakota god of the Sun Asian [ edit ] Ainu mythology [ edit ] • Chup Kamui, a lunar goddess who switched places with her brother to become goddess of the Sun Arabian mythology [ edit ] • Malakbel, god of the Sun • Nuha, the Sun goddess of Qedar • Shams/Shamsun, a solar goddess exalted in Himyar and by the Sabaeans.

[1] [2] [3] [4] Armenian mythology [ edit ] • Ar, Arev, Areg, Aregak, Arpi, the Sun god with its people as "children of the Sun" Chinese mythology [ edit ] Statue of the goddess Xihe charioteering the Sun, being pulled by a dragon, in Hangzhou • Doumu, Sun goddess sometimes conflated with Marici. • Xihe, Sun goddess and mother of the ten suns • Yu Yi, god that carries the Sun across the sky • Xu Kai, god of the Sun star Elamite [ edit ] • Nahundi, god of the Sun and law Filipino mythology [ edit ] Main article: List of Philippine mythological figures • Init-init: the Itneg god of the Sun married to the mortal Aponibolinayen; during the day, he leaves his house to shine light on the world [5] • Chal-chal: the Bontok god of the Sun whose son's head was cut off by Kabigat; [6] aided the god Lumawig in finding a spouse [7] • Mapatar: the Ifugao sun deity of the sky in charge of daylight [8] • Sun God: the Ibaloi deity who pushed up the skyworld and pushed down the underworld, creating earth, after he was hit by a man's arrow during sun god war between the peoples of the skyworld and the underworld [9] • Elag: the Bugkalot deity of the Sun, worshiped with the moon and stars; has a magnificent house in the sky realm called Gacay; retreats to his home during nights; giver of light and growth [10] • Apo Init: the Ilocano deity of the sun [11] • Amman: the Ilocano god of the Sun, where the sun is his eye [12] • Agueo: sun god morose and taciturn Pangasinense sun god who is obedient to his father, Ama; lives in a palace of light [13] • Algao: the Aeta Sun god who battled the giant turtle Bacobaco [14] • Mangetchay: also called Mangatia; the Kapampangan supreme deity who created life on earth in remembrance of his dead daughter; lives in the Sun; [15] in other versions, she is the creator and net-weaver of the heavens [16] • Aring Sinukûan: the Kapampangan Sun god of war and death, taught the early inhabitants the industry of metallurgy, wood cutting, rice culture and even waging war; [17] lives in Mount Arayat, and later included a female form [18] • Apolaki: the Tagalog god of sun and warriors; [19] son of Anagolay and Dumakulem; [20] sometimes referred as son of Bathala and brother of Mayari; ruler of the world during daytime [21] • Quadruple Deities: the four childless naked Tau-buid Mangyan deities, composed of two gods who come from the Sun and two goddesses who come from the upper part of the river; summoned using the paragayan or diolang plates [22] • Adlao: the Bicolano son of Dagat and Paros; joined Daga's rebellion and died; his body became the sun; [23] in another myth, he was alive and during a battle, he cut one of Bulan's arm and hit Bulan's eyes, where the arm was flattened and became the earth, while Bulan's tears became the rivers and seas [24] • Unnamed God: a Bicolano Sun sun god who fell in love with the mortal, Rosa; refused to light the world until his father consented to their marriage; he afterwards visited Rosa, but forgetting to remove his powers over fire, he accidentally burned Rosa's whole village until nothing but hot springs remained [25] • Sanghid: the Waray giant who wove cloth on a gold loom with supernatural speed; has the power sun god move back the Sun [26] • Liadlao: the gold-bodied Bisaya son of Lidagat and Lihangin; killed by Kaptan's rage during the great revolt; his body became the Sun [27] • Adlaw: the Bisaya Sun deity worshiped by the good [28] • Launsina: the Capiznon goddess of the Sun, Moon, stars, and seas, and the most beloved because people seek forgiveness from her [29] • Magrakad: the Tagbanwa god found at exactly noontime on the other side of the Sun; gives the warmth which sustains life and, when the people are ill, carries away sickness [30] • Tumangkuyun: wash and keep clean the trunks of the two sacred cardinal trees in Sidpan and Babatan by using the blood of those who have died in epidemics; the blood he uses causes the colors of the sunrise and sunset [31] • Libtakan: the Manobo god of sunrise, sunset, and good weather [32] • Unnamed Gods: the Bagobo gods whose fire create smoke that becomes the white clouds, while the Sun creates yellow clouds that make the colors of the rainbow [33] • Kadaw La Sambad: one of the two T'boli supreme deities; married to Bulon La Mogoaw; lives in the seventh layer of the universe [34] • Lageay Lengkuos: the greatest of Teduray heroes and a shaman (beliyan) who made the earth and forests; the only one who could pass the magnet stone in the straight between the big and little oceans; inverted the directions where east became west, inverted the path of the Sun, and made the water into land and land into water [35] • Sun Deity: the divine Maranao being depicted in an anthropomorphic form as a flaming young man; angels serve as his charioteers [36] Gondi mythology [ edit ] • Narayan-Pen, god of the sun.

Hinduism [ edit ] Surya The manifestations of sun god in Hindu belief are: [37] See also other Indian-origin religions, namely Buddhism and Jainism.

• Adityas and Aditi • Aruna, charioteer of Surya, god of the morning Sun. • Aryaman, god of the midday Sun • Bhaskar • Mihir, sun god Sun. • Mitra, often associated with the Sun • Savitr, god of the sun at sunrise and sunset • Surya, the Sun god, rides across the sky in a horse-drawn chariot à la Helios and Sol • Tapati, Sun goddess.

Hittite mythology [ edit ] • Istanu, goddess/god of the Sun and judgment • Sun goddess of Arinna • Sun god of Heaven, daylight god of judgement • Sun goddess of the Earth, infernal goddess of the underworld.

Japanese mythology [ edit ] Amaterasu emerging out of a cave, bringing sunlight back to the universe. • Amaterasu, goddess of the Sun Mesopotamian mythology [ edit ] • Shamash, Akkadian god of the Sun and justice • Utu, Sumerian god of the Sun and justice • Šerida, Sumerian goddess of light, married to the god of the Sun (Akkadian name Aya) Scythian religion [ edit ] • Tabiti, ancient Iranian goddess possibly connected with the Sun.

Tocharian [ edit ] • A "sun deity" ( kaum näkte), [38] possibly a goddess. [39] Turkic mythology [ edit ] • Gun Ana, common Turkic solar deity, seen as a goddess in the Kazakh and Kyrgyz traditions • Koyash, god of the Sun Persian mythology [ edit ] • Mithra, often associated with the Sun.

• Hvare-khshaeta, the Sun yazata Zunism [ edit ] • The Zunbil dynasty and the subjects of Zabulistan worshiped the Sun, which they called Zun. They believed that the Sun was the god of justice, the force of good in the world and, consequently, the being that drove out the darkness and allowed man to live another day.

European [ edit ] Baltic mythology [ edit ] Idol of the Saulė used for peasant rituals in early 20th century from Palūšė, Ignalina District • Saulė, goddess of the Sun Basque mythology [ edit ] • Ekhi, goddess of the Sun and protector of humanity Celtic mythology [ edit ] • Áine, Irish goddess of love, summer, wealth, and sovereignty, associated with the Sun and midsummer • Alaunus, Gaulish god of the Sun, healing, and prophecy • Belenos, Gaulish god of the Sun • Brigid, an Irish goddess sometimes described as having a solar nature [40] • Étaín, Irish Sun goddess • Grannus, god associated with spas, healing thermal and mineral springs, and the Sun • Lugh, Sun god as well as a writing sun god warrior god • Macha, "Sun of the womanfolk" and occasionally considered synonymous with Grian • Olwen, female figure often constructed as originally the Welsh Sun goddess • Sulis, British goddess whose name is related to the common Proto-Indo-European word for "Sun" and thus cognate with Helios, Sól, Sol, and Surya and who retains solar imagery, as well as a domain over healing and thermal springs.

Probably the de facto solar deity of the Celts. Etruscan mythology [ edit ] • Usil, Etruscan equivalent of Helios Finnish mythology [ edit ] • Päivätär, goddess of the Sun Germanic mythology [ edit ] • Sól/Sunna/Sunne, the common Sun goddess among the Germanic tribes, from Proto-Germanic Sōwilō; was chased across the sky in her horse-drawn chariot by a wolf Greek mythology [ edit ] • Hyperion, titan god and personification of the Sun; father of Helios.

• Helios, god and personification of the Sun who drove across the sky in a chariot. • Apollo, god of the Sun and light, among others. His most common epithet was Phoebus (“Radiant”) • Eos, goddess and personification of the dawn • Hemera, goddess of the day • Electryone, goddess of the sunrise Hungarian mythology [ edit ] • Nap Király, the Hungarian god of sun.

He's said to ride his sun god fur horse everyday from east to west. • Nap Anya, Goddess of the sun, partner of Nap király Lusitanian mythology [ edit ] • Endovelicus, god of health and safety, worshiped both as a solar deity and a chthonic one • Neto, claimed to be both a solar and war deity • A possible sun goddess, whose cult has become that of Virgin Mary Nossa Senhora de Antime.

[41] [42] [43] Minoan mythology [ edit ] • A solar goddess of some sort, possibly the Snake Goddess. [44] [45] Roman mythology [ edit ] • Aurora, goddess of dawn • Sol, god of the Sun, rides in a horse-drawn chariot Sami mythology [ edit ] • Beiwe, goddess of the Sun, spring, fertility, and sanity Slavic mythology [ edit ] • Dažbog, god of the Sun • Khors, god of the Sun Other [ edit ] • Lucifer is referred to as the god of the Sun in Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches [46] Oceania [ edit ] Australian Aboriginal mythology [ edit ] • Bila, cannibal sun goddess of the Adnyamathanha • Gnowee, solar goddess who searches daily for her lost son; the light of her torch is the Sun • Wala, solar goddess • Wuriupranili, solar goddess whose torch is the Sun • Yhi, Karraur goddess of the sun, light and creation Māori mythology [ edit ] • Tama-nui-te-rā, personification of the Sun See also [ edit ] • List of lunar deities • Dawn goddess References [ edit ] • ^ J.

F. Breton (Trans. Albert LaFarge), Arabia Felix From The Time Of The Queen Of Sheba, Eighth Century B.C. To First Century A.D., 1998, University of Notre Dame Press: Notre Dame (IN), pp. 119-120. • ^ Julian Baldick (1998). Black God. Syracuse University Press. p. 20. Sun god 0815605226. • ^ Merriam-Webster, Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions, 1999 - 1181 páginas • ^ J. Ryckmans, "South Arabia, Religion Of", in D.

N. Freedman (Editor-in-Chief), The Anchor Bible Dictionary, 1992, Volume 6, op. cit., p. 172 • ^ Cole, M. C. (1916). Philippine Folk Tales. Chicago: A.C. McClurg and Co. • ^ Jenks, A. (1905). The Bontoc Igorot. Manila: Bureau of Printing. • ^ Cawed, C. (1972). The Culture of the Bontoc Igorot. MCS Enterprises. • ^ Bimmolog, H., Sallong, L., Montemayor, L.

(2005). The Deities of the Animistic Religion of Mayaoyao, Ifugao. • ^ Moss, C. R. (1924). Nabaloi Tales. University of California Publications in American Archaeology, 227–353. • ^ Sun god, L. L. (1947). Ilongot Life and Legends. Southeast Asia Institute. • ^ Llamzon, Teodoro A. 1978. Handbook of Philippine language groups. Quezon City, Philippines: Ateneo de Manila University Press. • ^ Alacacin, C. (1952). The Gods and Goddesses. Historical and Cultural Data of Provinces.

• ^ Eugenio, D. L. (2007). Philippine Folk Literature: An Anthology. University of the Philippines Press. • ^ Beyer, H.O. (1915). Philippine Ethnographic Series. • ^ Jose, V. R. (1974). Creation and Flood Myths in Philippine Folk Literature. University of the Philippines. • ^ Nicdao, A. (1917). Pampangan Folklore.

Manila. • ^ Nicdao, A. (1917). Pampangan Folklore. Manila. • ^ Aguilar, M. D. (2001). Women in Philippine Folktales. Holy Angel University • ^ Calderon, S. G. (1947). Mga alamat ng Pilipinas. Manila : M. Colcol & Co. • ^ Jocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. • ^ Ramos, M. (1990). Philippine Myths, Legends, and Folktales.

CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform • ^ Kikuchi, Y. (1984). Mindoro Highlanders: The Life of the Swidden Agriculturists. New Day Publishers. • ^ Beyer, H. O. (1923). Ethnography of the Bikol People. vii. • ^ Arcilla, A. M. (1923). The Origin of Earth and of Man. Ethnography of the Bikol People, vii.

• ^ Buenabora, N. P. (1975). Pag-aaral at Pagsalin sa Pilipino ng mga Kaalamang-Bayan ng Bikol at ang Kahalagahan ng mga Ito sa Pagtuturo ng Pilipino sa Bagong Lipunan. National Teacher's College. • ^ Hart D. V., Hart H. C. (1966). Maka-andog: A Reconstructed Myth from Eastern Samar, Philippines. The Journal of American Folklore. • ^ Miller, J. M. (1904). Philippine folklore stories. Boston, Ginn. • ^ Buyser, F. (1913). Mga Sugilanong Karaan. • ^ Cruz-Lucero, R., Pototanon, R. M. (2018). Capiznon.

With contributions by E. Arsenio Manuel. In Our Islands, Our People: The Histories and Cultures of the Filipino Nation, edited by Cruz-Lucero, R. • ^ Fox, R. B. (1982). Religion and Society Among the Tagbanuas of Palawan Island, Philippines.

Manila: National Museum. • ^ Fox, R. B. (1982). Religion and Society Among the Tagbanuas of Palawan Island, Philippines. Manila: National Museum.

• ^ Jocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. • ^ Benedict, L. W. (1913). Bagobo Myths. Journal of American Folklore, pp. 26 (99): 13–63. • ^ Casal, G.

(1978). The T'boli Creation Myth and Religion. T'boli Art: in its Socio-Cultural Context, pp. 122–123. • ^ Wood, G. L. (1957). Philippine Sociological Review Vol.

5, No. 2: The Tiruray. Philippine Sociological Society. • ^ Talaguit, C. J. N. (2019). Folk-Islam in Maranao Society. History Department, De La Salle University – Manila. • ^ The Apocalypse of Enoch and Bhuśunda: A Chronology of the Primeval Gods and the Western Sunrise, E.P.

Matrejek - Nov 13, 2018, Video: Gods-of-the-western-sunrise • ^ http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp259_tocharian_origins.pdf [ bare URL PDF] • ^ http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp118_chinese_weaving_goddess.pdf [ bare URL PDF] • ^ Patricia Monaghan, The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore, page 433.

• ^ "UM CULTO SOLAR OU RITUAL DE FECUNDIDADE". Archived from the original on 2011-12-30. Retrieved 2019-01-25. • ^ Enciclopédia das Festas Populares e Religiosas de Portugal. Vol. 1. p. 64. ISBN 9789892013916. • ^ "TEÓFILO BRAGA. O POVO PORTUGUEZ NOS SEUS COSTUMES, CRENÇAS E TRADIÇÕES II".

• ^ Evidence of Minoan Astronomy and Calendrical Practises • ^ Marinatos, Nanno. Minoan Kingship and the Solar Goddess: A Near Eastern Koine (2013).

• ^ Charles Godfrey Leland (1899). Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches. D. Nutt. ISBN 1-56414-679-0. Retrieved 2021-12-30. Chapter I Edit links • This page was last edited on 28 April 2022, at 16:55 (UTC). • Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0 ; additional terms may apply.

By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. • Privacy policy • About Wikipedia • Disclaimers • Contact Wikipedia • Mobile view • Developers • Statistics • Cookie statement • •
Solar Apollo with the radiant halo of Helios in a Roman floor mosaic, El Djem, Tunisia, late 2nd century A solar deity is a god or goddess in mythology who represents the sun, or an aspect of it, usually by its perceived power and strength.

Solar deities and sun worship can be found throughout most of recorded history in various forms. The following is a list of solar deities: • African mythology • Anyanwu, Igbo god believed to dwell in the sun • Magec, Tenerife god of the sun and light • Mawu, Dahomey goddess associated with the sun and the moon • Ngai, Kamba, Kikuyu and Maasai god of the sun • Ntangu, Kongo god of sun and time • Australian Aboriginal mythology • Gnowee, solar goddess who searches daily for her lost son; the light of her torch is the sun • Wala, sun god goddess • Wuriupranili, solar goddess whose torch is the sun • Yhi, Karraur goddess of the sun, light and creation • Ainu mythology • Chup Kamui, a lunar goddess who switched places with her brother to become goddess of the sun • Arabian mythology • Malakbel, god of the sun • Aztec mythology • Huitzilopochtli, god of the sun and war • Nanauatzin, god of the sun sun god Teoyaomicqui, god of lost souls, the sun and the sixth hour of the day • Tonatiuh, god of the sun and ruler of the heavens • Xiuhtecuhtli, god of fire, day and heat • Baltic mythology • Saulė, goddess of the sun and fertility • Basque mythology • Ekhi, goddess of sun god sun and protector of humanity • Brazilian mythology • [Meri, folk hero and god of the sun • Canaanite mythology • Shapash, goddess of the sun • Celtic mythology • Áine, Irish goddess of love, summer, wealth and sovereignty, associated with the sun and midsummer • Alaunus, Gaulish god of the sun, healing and prophecy • Étaín, Irish sun goddess • Grannus, god associated with spas, healing thermal and mineral springs, and the sun • Lugh, Irish deity sometimes regarded as a sun god • Mug Ruith, Irish deity sometimes regarded as a sun or storm god • Egyptian mythology • Bast, cat goddess associated with the sun • Horus, god of the sky whose right eye was considered to be the sun and his left the moon • Amun, creator deity sometimes identified as a sun god • Atum, the "finisher of the world" who represents the sun as it sets • Aten, god of the sun • Khepri, god of rebirth and the sunrise • Nefertem, god of healing and beauty, who represents the sun god sunlight • Ra, god of the sun • Sekhmet, goddess of war and of the sun, and sometimes plagues and creator of the desert • Sopdu, god of war and the scorching heat of the summer sun • Ptah, god creation, the arts and fertility, sometimes said to represent the sun at night • Etruscan mythology • [Albina, goddess of the dawn and protector of ill-fated lovers • Thesan, goddess of the dawn, associated with new life • Usil, Etruscan equivalent of Helios • Germanic mythology • Sól (Sunna) • Greek mythology • Alectrona, goddess of the sun, morning and waking up • Apollo, Olympian god of light, the sun, prophecy, healing, plague, archery, music and poetry • Eos, Titan goddess of the dawn • Helios, Titan god of the sun • Hyperion, Titan god of light • Hinduism Surya • • Agni, god of fire, associated with the sun • Aryaman, god of the sun • Mitra, god of honesty, friendship, contracts, meetings and the morning sun • Ravi, god of the sun • Saranyu, goddess of the dawn and clouds • Savitr, god of the sun at sunrise and sunset • Surya, god of the sun • Hittite mythology • Arinna, goddess of the sun • Istanu, god of the sun and judgment • Incan mythology • Inti, god of the sun and patron deity of the Inca Empire • Inuit mythology • Akycha, solar deity worshipped in Alaska • Malina, goddess of the sun found most commonly in the legends of Greenland • Japanese mythology • Amaterasu, goddess of the sun • Marishi-Ten, goddess of sun god heavens, sun and light • Lusitanian mythology • Endovelicus, god of health and safety.

Worshipped both as a solar deity and a chthonic one. • Neto, claimed to be both a solar and war deity. • Māori mythology • [Ao, personification of daylight • Tama-nui-te-rā, personification of the sun • Maya mythology • Ah Kin, god of the sun, bringer of doubt and protector against the evils associated with darkness • Kinich Ahau, god of the sun • Hunahpu, one of the Maya Hero Twins; he transformed into the sun while his brother transformed into the moon • Tohil, god associated with thunder, lightning and sunrise • Mesopotamian mythology • Nergal, underworld god who represents the negative aspects sun god the sun • Shamash, Akkadian god of the sun and justice • Utu, Sumerian god of the sun and justice • Native American mythology • Wi, Lakota god of the sun • Norse mythology • Baldr, god associated with light, beauty, love sun god happiness • Dagr, personification of the daytime • Freyr, god of fertility, sexuality, peace and sunlight • Sól, goddess of the sun • Persian mythology • Nahundi, god of the sun and law • Polynesian mythology • Atanua, Marquesan goddess of the dawn • Atarapa, goddess of the dawn • Roman mythology • Aurora, goddess of the dawn, equivalent to the Greek goddess Eos • Elagabalus, Syro-Roman god of the sun • Sol, god of the sun • Sami mythology • Beiwe, goddess of the sun, spring, fertility and sanity • Slavic mythology • Belobog, sun god deity of light and the sun who may or may not have been worshipped by pagan Slavs • Dažbog, god of the sun • Hors, god of the sun • Radegast, god of hospitality, fertility and crops, associated with war and the sun, who may or may not have been worshipped by pagan Slavs • Zorya, three (sometimes two) daughters of Dažbog • Zorya Utrennyaya, the morning star, who opens the palace gates each dawn for the sun-chariot's departure • Zorya Vechernyaya, the everning star, who closes the palace gates each night after the sun-chariot's return • Zorya Polunochnaya, the midnight star, who holds the dying sun in her arms each night until he is reborn the following morning • Turkic mythology • Koyash, god of the sun Throughout human existence many civilizations have praised the life giving abilities of the Sun and have treated it as a deity.

Below are a list of different Gods and Goddesses associated with the Sun. In many mythologies the Sun is often a male and he chases a female Moon goddess across the skies. This is reversed in Norse mythology as the Sun (Sol) is a female and the Moon (Mani) is male. Name Nationality/Religion God or Goddess?

Notes Amaterasu Japan Sun Goddess Major deity of the Shinto religion. Arinna (Hebat) Hittite (Syrian) Sun Goddess The most important of three Hittite major solar deities Apollo Roman Sun God Freyr Norse Sun God A fertility god associated with the sun. Helios Greek Sun God Before Apollo was the Greek sun god, Helios held that position. Helios road a chariot. Huitzilopochtli (Uitzilopochtli) Aztec Sun God Hvar Khshaita Iranian/Persian Sun God Inti Inca Sun God The national patron of the Inca state.

Liza West African Sun God Lugh Celtic Sun God Mithras Iranian/Persian Sun God Sun god Egypt Mid-day Sun God An Egyptian god shown with a solar disk. Center of worship was Heliopolis. Later associated sun god Horus as Re-Horakhty. Also combined with Amun as Amun-Ra, a solar creator god. Shemesh/Shepesh Ugarit Sun goddess Sol (Sunna) Norse Sun Goddess She rides in a horse-drawn solar chariot. Sol Invictus Roman Sun God Sun god unconquered sun. The title was also used of Mithras.

Surya Hindu Sun God Rides the sky in a horse-drawn chariot. Tonatiuh Aztec Sun God Utu (Shamash) Mesopotamia Sun God
These sun gods are being so unreasonable. So what if they’re ancient and used to be the center of Sun worship for thousands of years? That doesn’t mean that they own the ball of flames!

But “it was just hanging there in the sky with nobody’s name on it. Everybody knows what that means — finders keepers!” The sun is sun god source of all light and life… Maybe… Suddenly, your entrepreneurial spirit awakens. You could sell the sun for gazillions. Maybe to a local agricultural society or the government? Sun god an evil overlord! Though before anyone can get their mitts on a single ray of sunshine, you still have to get past the Sun gods and goddesses, aka the solar deities, just waiting to present their mythology as credentials that they are the true guardians of the sun.

Table of Contents • Ra — The Egyptian Sun God • Sol — The Norse Sun Goddess • Helios — The Sun God of the Greeks • Arinna — The Hittite Goddess of the Sun • Surya — The Hindu Sun God • Huitzilopochtli — The Aztec God of the Sun • Inti — The Incan Sun God • Kinich Ahau — Mayan Sun God • Lugh — The Sun God of the Celts • Mithra — Persian Sun God • The Sun Gods Await You in Paradise Ra — The Egyptian Sun God Name: Ra Religion: Ancient Egyptian Gods and Goddesses Realms: Sun god, creator of everything Family: Sun god even created himself Fun Fact: Ra’s worship was so central to ancient Egypt that some historians suggest the culture had a monotheistic religion, with Ra as the only supreme deity.

It’s tough not to feel intimidated as you face down the most important god from ancient Egypt. He doesn’t exactly look human despite having the body of a man — he gazes at you with the face of a falcon and there’s a cobra sitting on his head. Thankfully, the snake is a sign of royalty and authority, which is why there are so many snake gods in Egyptian sun god. It’s not a hat that doubles as a weapon — which is a good thing, because the Sun god Ra is definitely not pleased with you.

Well, you are selling his property. You tell him (very respectfully) that anyone can make that claim. It’s not sufficient evidence that he steers the sun as his own personal chariot across the sky every day. You can shovel coal into a locomotive and puff it down the tracks — that doesn’t mean you invented and thus own the train. Ra cannot produce a patent number. This upsets him because the ancient Egyptians needed no such legalities; they were convinced that their Sun god had shaped the entire cosmos.

True enough, Ra was powerfully connected to the sun, and everything from the disk on his head to his left eye symbolized the fiery ball in space. The people built countless temples in his honour as Ra represented life, warmth, and growth.

Fine, you get it. He was a hot god. It still doesn’t prove anything. READ MORE: Ancient Egypt Timeline Sol — The Norse Sun Goddess Name: Sol Religion: Norse Gods and Goddesses Realms: Sun goddess Family: Sun god twin brother is Mani, the Norse moon god Fun Fact: Her most famous legend (she had to steer the Sun chariot as punishment for her father’s arrogance) could be a medieval invention and not an authentic story from pre-Christian times A pair of twins is up next.

The brother, Mani, makes no attempt to take the sun off the auction block — he’s a moon god, so this isn’t really his problem. But his sister is pretty steamed. Sol is the reigning goddess of light and the solar deity in Norse mythology.

It’s bad enough that two lethal wolves chase her chariot across the sky every day; now she has to convince a mere mortal to give back her wheels. Yep, she’s got the sun as a ride too. Sol stamps her foot in anger. You had better give her chariot back, otherwise she’s gonna have to use that foot (and the other one) to walk all the way back to the realm of the Norse gods and goddesses after meeting with you.

She points out that the sun is hers since the gods created day, night, the year, and phases of the moon to give the twins something to sun god after they were born. You shake your head — just because somebody has a job doesn’t mean that they own the company car.

That’s right. You’re fighting a solar goddess with clever vehicle comparisons. Helios — The Sun God of the Greeks Name: Helios Religion: Greek Gods and Goddesses Realms: God associated with the Sun Family: Son of Hyperion and Theia Fun Fact: In his honor, athletic games were held on the island of Rhodes every five years Helios is having none of your clever words.

He promises to smite you should you try that funny business on him or any of the other gods and sun god again. In fact, if you defy him, he plans on feeding you to the dragons, which pull him around in lieu of a horse sun god chariot. This is sun god the same vessel that unfortunately killed his son Phaethon, when the youngster failed to control the horses and Zeus struck him down. Zeus wasn’t being mean — had he not destroyed Phaethon, the careening solar chariot would’ve set the world on fire.

To make matters worse (or his mood, rather), Helios wasn’t widely worshipped. Other cultures put their solar diety on a pedestal. But the Greeks? It was a little beneath them; they viewed Sun worship as something the barbarian hordes did.

However, Helios, a Titan god, had a strong following and was the patron deity and city god on the island of Rhodes where his famous bronze statue guarded the harbor. The huge figure was among the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, until an earthquake did away with it.

You send Helios the sun god on his way. If anything, he must be blaming the ancient Greeks for their vague sun worship and lack of scrolls — those maybe would have helped, if they clearly stated whether he did or did not own the sun. READ MORE: Ancient Greece Timeline Arinna — The Hittite Goddess of the Sun Name: Arinna Religion: Hittite Mythology Realms: Sun goddess Family: Wife of Tarḫunna; mother of Mezulla, Nerik, Zippalanda, and Telipinu Fun Fact: Royal couples donated disks of precious metal, representing the sun, to her temple every year Arinna is okay with the whole idea of selling the sun.

As a goddess of light, she’s different from most other sun gods. Instead of bringing daylight with a chariot, Arinna soaked up the worship of royals.

But to keep her toe in the pie, she must have a link to the sun — and that’s why she’s bargaining for shares. That way, she’ll stay a Sun goddess no matter who you sell the giant lightbulb to. Arinna’s vanity shouldn’t be too surprising. Together with her husband, she was the most important deity in Hittite culture.

Kings prayed to her every morning, were crowned in her sacred city (graced with the same name as the goddess) and acted as her priest on Earth.

And on top of all that, queens became her priestesses. Heck, Arinna was even called the “Queen of all lands.” You tell her that you will consider the offer. Especially after she promises to pay with statues sun god golden deer — which she has a lot of. The animal was sacred to her, and given to the goddess throughout the ages when she was still worshipped.

Surya — The Hindu Sun God Name: Surya Religion: Hindu gods and goddesses Realms: God associated with the Sun Family: Father of Yama, the god of the dead; married to Samjna Fun Fact: When his wife left him, Surya stalked her as a horse Surya is used to dealing with demons — he slays the creatures with each morning sun to end the darkness and herald each new day.

Right now, he’s not making any exceptions between the demons that bring nighttime and you, a mortal who had the audacity to bag the sun. But he can’t sun god a human without disrespecting those who built many temples sun god his honor. He was once worshipped widely as the creator of the universe (never mind what Ra says in that regard) and as the soul that radiates warm light on Earth. He has another plan to deal with you. You might be a sun-snatcher, but this just means you’re wily, not that your IQ is rock bottom.

You listened when Ms. Proponsky in first grade read stories about Surya. So, when he offers you a sun god called the Syamantaka gem — in exchange for the sun — and says it makes heaps of gold every day, you know it’s true.

But you refuse because the jewel only sun god for good people, otherwise, instead of gold, the owner is consumed by deadly consequences — and you’re no longer so sure that you didn’t poach the sun. Huitzilopochtli — The Aztec God of the Sun Name: Huitzilopochtli Religion: Aztec gods and goddesses Realms: God associated with the Sun, also consider a war god Fun Fact: His name means “Hummingbird on the Left” The gods and goddesses send in Huitzilopochtli to grow your doubt — don’t think they didn’t spot your weak moment.

And this Aztec sun god is uniquely qualified to ply you with guilt. At first, he’s nowhere sun god sight, but then a tiny hummingbird flutters closer.

This boggles your mind. He introduces himself, so you know that this is Huitzilopochtli — but how can any of the Aztec gods be this cute? When you heard that the Aztec deity of light and war was headed your way, you kind of expected a gore-fest. (Just give it a minute…) But it turns out Huitzilopochtli doesn’t take the form of a bird because the Aztecs thought he loved nectar. Yeah, as the god of war, he was responsible for warriors and sun god they died, they supposedly came back as hummingbirds.

This gets a little darker, though — the Aztecs were also convinced that successful Sun worship needed a little… assistance. As the solar diety, he was always in danger of being overcome by the darkness. So, the Aztecs offered a helping hand — to keep the god strong, he was regularly given blood from a human heart as a meal (with human sacrifice being the easy way to attain this delicacy). The hummingbird shrugs. If you keep the sun, he’ll fall into darkness — and more darkness equals more human sacrifices.

He mentions all those poor, innocent people with jobs and dreams and families, all destroyed because of your selfishness. He’s really laying the guilt on thick and you know the Aztecs don’t drag people up sacrificial steps sun god but the terrifying little bird finally convinces you that your tango with the Sun gods and goddesses maybe sorta wasn’t a good idea.

Read More: The Aztec Empire Inti — The Incan Sun God Name: Inti Religion: Inca mythology Realms: Sun god Family: Created by Viracocha, the supreme deity in Inca mythology; married to the moon goddess Quilla Fun Fact: Gold was believed to be the sweat of this god Inti loves rituals and wants you to participate in one. Thankfully, to your fried nerves, this solar sun god is a benevolent Incan deity.

He gracefully doesn’t tell sun god what people used to sacrifice to him — and, frankly, you don’t want to know. Now that you’ve agreed to give back the sun, Inti wants to have an official ceremony.

But where to hold it? As the all-powerful god of their sun god, the Inca raised temples and monuments to Inti everywhere. He’s really sun god for choice but, in the end, he takes you to the famous Inca citadel Machu Picchu. The air is a little thin up in the mountains, but at least he didn’t haul you up bloodied steps. Instead, you stand in front of a weird-looking stone thing.

He sun god the pointy carving an Intihuatana or “hitching post of the sun.” During the ceremony, he ties the Sun to the Earth but complains all the way. Inti isn’t used to doing the ritual himself — he used to have both male and female priestesses to help out. Even Inca rulers did things for him.

A solar eclipse appears and he apologizes — it happens when he’s displeased. That’s probably not good… Dangerous sacrifices tend to happen around Mesoamerican gods and their eclipses. You suggest he think of a good memory, and he fondly recalls the days when the Incas conquered other nations and used his mythology to suppress them. Good times. Okay, that’s not really what you meant — but at least the eclipse is gone.

Kinich Ahau — Mayan Sun God Name: Kinich Ahau Religion: Mayan mythology Realms: Sun god Diety Family: Elder brother of the upper god, Itzamna Fun Fact: Maya artists depicted him as being cross-eyed While Inti packs away his ritual stuff, another Mesoamerican god appears. Kinich Ahau looks to be middle-aged with a curvy nose and big square eyes. Being a Maya god, you’re not surprised that he’s a little creepy — even one of his upper incisor teeth is filed to a sharp point.

But he’s not here to cause you any grief. Instead, Kinich Ahau hands you a Thank You Basket. Despite the trouble you’ve put them through, the sun god appreciate it greatly that they have the sun back. Even then, though, it was only this god of light who wanted to bestow you with gifts. And in order to do so, he drew on what little knowledge about him survives — it’s not a lot, but it filled the basket. For one, inside there’s a freakishly long calendar.

Kinich Ahau was one of the guardians of the 52-year cycle called Landa, and he presided over a particular four-year stretch. Great, you always wanted sun god calendar with 1,460 days.

Another item in the basket is a gift card. You can spend a weekend of your choice at an aquatic paradise said to be one of his lands sun god not included)… There’s also wooden number 4 in there, because heck, that’s his special number… And — oh, look.

Most importantly of all — and this present really makes you happy — is a VIP protection card. When the end of the world arrives and the legend comes true wherein Kinich Ahau destroys humanity with his jaguars, you’ll be safe. What a thoughtful guy. Lugh — The Sun God of the Celts Name: Lugh Religion: Celtic gods and sun god Realms: God associated with the Sun, light, and crafts Family: Son of princess Ethne and her lover Cian Fun Fact: He’s one of the most beloved heroes in Irish folklore Lugh, on the other hand, is not a thoughtful guy.

When he sets his mind to something, he gets it done. Normally, he’s not a bad-tempered god, but he wants you out of Machu Picchu and away from the sun. That’s a little insulting, but now’s not the time to stamp your foot like Sol. Kinich Ahau told you how Lugh’s determination won him a position at King Nuada’s palace and, on another occasion, helped him to defeat his own tyrannical grandfather, King Balor, in battle.

You’re no match for this kind of brawn — the closest you’ve come to battle was when that spider sat on your toothbrush. Lugh is also carrying a deadly weapon — his spear, known as the “Spear of Victory” and the “Invincible Spear.” Both are apt titles, too, because Lugh can be stone drunk and throw like a monkey but he’ll still hit his target. The Spear never misses.

It could strike down a far-standing grandfather whose throne you seek as easily as a near-standing human who stole the sun. Speaking of burning things, the weapon is too hot for anyone to handle except Lugh. And the longer he uses it, the hotter it becomes. Other weapons are stored in saferooms or locked drawers, but sun god spear has to rest in a vat of water at night to cool down. This is critical. Should Lugh forget, the heat will grow until the spear catches fire and basically burns the world down.

A royal warrior solar diety. Check. An overly-dangerous mental focus. Check. A spear that can’t miss even if he tried. Check. Yup. So, when he tells you to get moving, you sun god take sun god gift basket and follow him down the mountain. Mithra — Persian Sun God Name: Mithra Religion: Persian mythology Realms: God of the rising Sun, friendship, war, covenants, contracts, the seasons, cosmic order, royalty Fun Fact: Conspiracy theorists believe that this ancient god was poached by Christianity to create Jesus Your adventure ends with a movie moment; you and Mithra are sitting on your front porch watching the sun rise back to its rightful place in the sky.

It’s fitting that he’s with you to witness the moment. After all, he is the god associated with the rising Sun. But Mithra isn’t there for the view alone — although he did enjoy your coffee and rusks while watching dawn break into day. Instead, this god appreciates order. For thousands of years, he has wielded his power to keep the seasons and cosmos ticking like clockwork. Back sun god the day, Mithra protected kings and gave them a divine right to rule. However, he made them sign a contract to keep the order — but more specifically, the god wanted to see leaders who cared for their people.

Neglecting them was a good way to break a covenant with him, and if they did then he removed his support from the king. Nobody wanted that — this god kept the forces of darkness in check, judged souls in the afterlife, and protected humanity. He’s kind of important. At the moment, he’s ruffling your hair. He’s impressed with your hijacking shenanigans, but it’s time for order now. The god conjures a contract which states that you will never interfere sun god divine matters again.

It’s not just a matter of signing — Mithra can’t be sun god and knows instantly when someone’s heart isn’t true. But this time, you don’t doubt your own intentions and scribble your signature on the bottom. You are done with trying to turn a celestial body into profit. You like Mithra, he seems like a cool guy. And it’s not every day that one gets to meet sun god Persian god that is still worshipped. These days, he’s a Zoroastrian god, but the really incredible fact is that Mithra’s followers have honored him continuously for over 4,000 years.

The Sun Gods Await You in Paradise Tough day. A weekend at an Incan paradise seems like the perfect way to unwind. After rifling through Kinich Ahau’s gift basket, you use the calendar to pick your date and start packing. Things turned out pretty well — besides the threats and bribes from the angrier gods. But you’ve also befriended a few, and solar mythology is coming out of your ears. Speaking of which, you might not know which of these gods and godddesses owns the sun, but it’s easy to see why they were once so widely revered.

If anything, the gods taught you the precious connection between the Sun and life — without daylight, the world as we know it cannot exist. Alright, enough drama. Aquatic Maya paradise, here you come. How to Cite this Article There are three different ways you can cite this article.

1. To cite this article in an academic-style article or paper, use: Jana Louise Smit, "Sun Gods", History Cooperative, May 7, 2020, https://historycooperative.org/sun-gods-dieties-of-the-sun/.

Accessed May 8, 2022 2. To link to this article in the text of an online publication, please use this URL: https://historycooperative.org/sun-gods-dieties-of-the-sun/ 3. If your web page requires an HTML link, please insert this code: Sun Gods Post navigation Gods of Death How old is the United States of America? iPhone History: A Timeline of Every Model in Order Mason-Dixon Line The History of Guns Join the conversation • Ed Solano on Ancient Civilizations Timeline: 16 Oldest Known Cultures From Around The World • GEORGE MORALES on Ancient Civilizations Timeline: 16 Oldest Known Cultures From Around The World • GEORGE MORALES on Ancient Civilizations Timeline: 16 Oldest Known Cultures From Around The World • Paul Stanley Wood on Ancient Civilizations Timeline: 16 Oldest Known Cultures From Around The World • CL on Cat Gods
The Aztecs believed in a number of Sun Gods, some of sun god belonged to a part of their creation myth beliefs and one of them was believed to be present in the days of the Aztec Empire.

This “current” Sun God was called Tonatiuh and he was a god who had jumped into the fire to gain immortality. His name meant “Movement of the Sun”. The Aztecs believed that the Sun God could not move alone and needed a human sacrifice every year as a tribute, and the might of Sun warrior, to continue it’s movement. Aztec Sun God History In the Aztec creation myth, there had been five ages and each of these ages had a Sun God of its own.

Four of these ages had ended, in disaster, because of the feud over the position of the Sun God. The Aztecs believed that they lived in the fifth age, under the fifth Sun God called Nanauatzin. The Aztec creation myth states that at the end of the fourth age, the gods convened to choose a Sun God. The condition was that the chosen god would have to be consummated in the flames of fire to ascend as the Sun God.

Tecuciztecatl, the handsomest of all gods, tried but couldn’t muster the courage to jump into the fire. Nanauatzin, an old god, walked into fire and became the Sun God. In some variations of the myth, the fifth and sun god sun is Huitzilopochtli, otherwise identified as the warrior of the Sun.

Aztec-Sun-God Nanahuatzin – The Aztecs believed that they lived in the fifth age, under the fifth Sun God called Nanauatzin Aztec Sun Gods List Tezcatlipoca The name of this Sun God means “smoking mirror”.

He was the first god who became a Sun but was knocked down with a club by another god called Quetzalcoatl. In revenge, Tezcatlipoca became a jaguar and destroyed the world. Quetzalcoatl Quetzalcoatl became the Sun God after knocking down Tezcatlipoca. His name means “feathered serpent” and he was the Sun God in the second era of Aztec mythology. The paw of the jaguar, Tezcatlipoca, brought down Quetzalcoatl. Tlaloc Tlaloc was chosen the next Sun God by the gods but Tezcatlipoca stole his wife so that he spent a long time in grief and when people asked for rain, he rained down fire and burned sun god whole world.

Chalchiuhtlicue Chalchiutlicue was the only goddess among the list of Aztec Sun Gods. Her name means “lady of the jade skirts”. She was the new wife of Tlaloc and very kind. But Tezcatlipoca slandered her kindness and hurt her, she wept sun god created a huge flood that swept across and destroyed the Earth.

Nanauatzin After Chalcthiuhtlicue’s age, the gods decided to sun god a Sun God who would sacrifice his life by leaping into a huge fire. An old god Nanauatzin, sick with boils on his skin, made the leap and was sun god by flames and became the fifth Sun God. Main Aztec Sun God- Tonatiuh – After Chalcthiuhtlicue’s age, the gods decided to choose a Sun God who would sacrifice his life by leaping into a huge fire. An old god Nanauatzin, sick with boils on his skin, made the leap and was consummated by flames and became the fifth Sun God.

Who was the real Aztec Sun God? There are multiple versions of the Aztec creation myth, in which different accounts of the Sun God are provided. What remains consistent is that through every age in Aztec mythology, there is a different Sun God.

The current era is the fifth age according to the mythology and the Sun God of the present age is Nanauatzin, also called Tonatuih. Why were there different Aztec Sun Gods? The Aztecs believed that every age, or cosmic era, had a different Sun God. In Aztec mythology, four eras have already gone by, each of them with a Sun God of its own. Each of these eras, according to mythology, had ended in disaster. So in every new era, the gods chose a new Sun God who may prove to be better than the last one.

Thus the Aztec believed that they lived in the fifth era and the fifth Sun God shone down on them. Aztec Sun God – Warrior of the Sun god In the Aztec sun god, Huitzilopochtli is the warrior of the Sun. According to Aztec mythology, the Sun can’t move on its own, and so it needs human sacrifices and requires warriors to fight for it to keep it moving.

Huitzilocpohtli, then, is the warrior who fights for the sun and because of those fights, the Sun keeps moving.

This is why he is also identified as the Sun God himself in some versions of Aztec mythology. His name means “hummingbird of the south” and sun god is often identified as the god of war in Aztec mythology. Aztec Sun God Rituals & Beliefs The Sun God Huitzilocpohtil, in Aztec mythology, was thought to battle with the stars and moon every night and come out victorious each morning. To help him in his battle, human sacrifices were given in his name and at his temple as a tribute.

Tezcatlipoca, who was the first Sun God, was considered to be the most powerful god and the one concerned with bringing ruin, destruction and death upon humans.

He was considered an invisible god. The Aztecs believed that at end of the reign of the fifth Sun God, the Earth would be destroyed by earthquakes. Aztec Sun God Sacrifice The Aztecs believed that the Sun God waged a battle against moons and the stars and other spirits.

It was by winning this battle that the Sun came up every morning. It was believed that the Sun God needed the souls and blood of humans to win these battles, so humans were sacrificed every year for the Sun God.

The Son Gods Quetzalcoatl and Tezcatlipoca were believed to have created the world by ripping the monster Cipactli into pieces. It was also believed that human blood was the price being paid to ameliorate the spirit of the monster. The most able and handsome people were chosen for sacrifice. The sacrifice itself comprised of the ripping out of the tribute’s heart, which the Aztecs believed to be the home of the soul and a part of the Sun’s energy.

The body of the tribute was thrown down the steps of the pyramid in a trail of blood, which was considered the path to Sun. Aztec Sun God Summary The Sun God had a key role in the Aztec pantheon and creation mythology. Of the many creation myths believed by the Aztecs, one centred solely on the Sun Gods. According to this myth, the creation of the Earth and its inhabitants have happened five times in five eras of five different Sun Gods. Each of the first four eras had ended in disaster and destruction of the Earth.

Each subsequent era had a new Sun God. The Aztecs believed that they lived in the fifth era under the fifth Sun God called Nanauatzin. In some versions, this Sun God was protected by the Sun warrior Huitzilopochtli. Learn More about the Aztec Sun God at Wikipedia Main Categories • Aztec Art • Aztec People • Aztec Calendar • Aztec Civilisation • Aztec History • Aztec Religion • Aztec Names • Aztec Ruins • Aztec Games • Aztec Architecture • Aztec Clothing • Aztec Food • Aztec Timeline • Aztec Human Sacrifice • Aztec Gods • Aztec Warfare report this ad report this adThe ancient Egyptians revered Ra as the god who created everything.

Also known as the Sun God, Ra was a powerful deity and a central god of the Egyptian pantheon. The ancient Egyptians worshiped Ra more than any other god and pharaohs often connected themselves with Ra in their efforts to be seen as the earthly embodiment of the Sun God. Who is Ra? Ra (pronounced ray) represents sunlight, warmth and growth. It was only natural that the ancient Egyptians would believe him to be the creator of the world, as well as part of sun god being represented in every other god.

The ancient Egyptians believed that every god should illustrate sun god aspect of him, while Ra himself should also represent every god. Ra’s Appearance Ra was usually depicted in human form. He had a falcon head which is crowned with a sun disc.

This sun disc was encircled by a sacred cobra named Uraeus. Ra has also been depicted as a man with the head of a beetle and also a human man with the head of a ram.

The ancients also depicted Ra in full species form such as a serpent, heron, bull, lion, cat, ram, hawk, beetle, phoenix and others. His main symbol, however, is the sun disk. © Bill Stanley - The Egyptian God Ra Ra Mythology The ancient Egyptians believed that as the sun god, Ra’s role was to sail across the heavens during the day in his boat called the “Barque of Millions of Years.” In the morning when Ra emerged from the east, his boat was named, “Madjet” which meant “becoming strong.” By the end of the day the boat was called, “Semektet” which meant “becoming weak.” At the end of the day, it was believed that Ra died (swallowed by Nut) and sailed on to the underworld, leaving the moon in his place to light up the world.

Ra was reborn at dawn the very next day. During his journey across the heavens during the day, he fought with his main enemy, an evil serpent named Apep, or also, The Lord of Chaos.

In some stories, Ra, in the form of a cat named Mau, defeats the evil serpent, Apep. This is part of the reason why cats are so highly-revered in Egypt. © Lucas - Ra, depicted as a cat, defeating Apep Ra created himself from the primordial chaos. He is also known as Sun god and Atum. His children are Shu, the God of Dry Air and Father of the Sky, and his twin sister Tefnut, the Goddess of Moisture and Wetness.

As a lion-headed goddess, Tefnut is responsible for dew and freshness. Humans were created from Ra’s tears. Although Ra was highly revered and devoutly sun god by the ancient Egyptians, there is a story to suggest sun god eventually grew weak. In the Legend of Ra, Isis and the Snake, as Ra grew old, he dribbled saliva.

Isis knew that Ra’s power was hidden in his secret name. Isis gathered Ra’s saliva and created a snake out of it. She set the snake in Ra’s path and it bit him. Isis wanted the power Ra had always enjoyed, but she knew she had to get him to tell her his secret name. Eventually, because of the pain he was in, Ra allowed Isis to “search through him” and in so doing, she healed him and Ra’s power was transferred over to her.

The Tree of Life is an important religious symbol to the Egyptians. The Tree of Life was located within Ra’s sun temple in Heliopolis and was considered sacred.

The fruit that sprang from this tree was not available to humans, but only in aging-rituals reserved for pharaohs. The Tree of Life is also referred to as the mythical, sacred Ished tree.

Eternal life came to those who ate the fruit from the Tree of Life. Another important ancient Egyptian symbol connected to Ra is the “Bennu”. Bennu is the name of the bird that represented Ra’s soul. This bird is a phoenix and it was seated at the Tree of Life in Ra’s Sun Temple in Heliopolis.

Inside the temple, on top of an obelisk, sat the Benben Stone. This pyramid-shaped stone served as a beacon to Bennu and is also an important ancient Egyptian religious symbol.

© milk fat - The Bennu Bird Worship of the Sun God Solar temples were built for Ra but did not contain a statue of the god. Instead, they were created to be open to the sunlight that Ra represented. The earliest known temple built in honor of Ra exists in Heliopolis (what is now a Cairo suburb).

This solar temple is known as “Benu-Phoenix” and is believed to have been erected in the exact spot where Ra emerged into creation. Although Ra dates back to the second dynasty, he is not the oldest of the Egyptian gods. It wasn’t until the fifth dynasty that Ra became closely associated with the pharaoh.

As the king and leader of Egypt, the pharaoh was seen as the human manifestation of Horus, so the two gods became connected. This new deity fusion was then referred to as “Ra-Horakhty” meaning Ra is Horus of the Horizon. Ra’s relationship with other gods did not stop there. As the powerful creator of mankind and the sun god, he also became associated with Atum to make “Atum-Ra.” Fifth Dynasty and subsequent pharaohs were all known as “The son of Ra” and Ra became incorporated into sun god pharaoh’s name from then onward.

During the Middle Kingdom, the new deity, Amun-Ra was formed. Amun was one of the gods who formed the Ogdoad (the assembly of eight gods who represented eight elements of creation). © isawnyu - Relief of Ramses II making an offering to Ra and Nekhbet The New Kingdom brought new heights of worship to Ra.

Many tombs in the Valley of the Kings portray depictions of Ra and his journey through the underworld. During this time, many solar temples were built. Eye of Ra Present in the ancient Sun god mythology is the Eye of Ra, shown as the sun disk with two 'uraeus' cobras coiled around it, next to the white and red crowns of Upper and Lower Egypt. Initially associated with Horus (similarly to the wadjet, the Eye of Horus), the Eye of Ra shifted positions in the myths, becoming both an extension of Ra's power and a separate entity altogether.

Click here to learn more about The Eye of Ra Ra God Facts • The ancient Egyptians worshiped Ra to such an extent above other gods that some historians have argued that ancient Egyptian religion was indeed a monotheistic one with Ra as the singular god. • Historians believe that the pyramids might represent rays of sunlight, further connecting the pharaohs with Ra, the sun god.

• During Ra’s journey through the heavens he was accompanied by several other gods including Thoth, Horus, Hathor, Maat, Abtu, and Anet. • Nut, goddess of the sky and heavens, is sometimes referred to as Ra’s mother, because he emerges from her and is reborn every morning.

• The morning manifestation of Ra is known as “Khepri the scarab God.” • The evening manifestation of Ra is known as the ram-headed god, Khnum. • The sacred cobra that encircled Ra’s crown symbolized royalty, sovereignty and divine authority. • The right eye of Ra represented the Sun; while the sun god eye of Ra represented the moon.

• Ra is also closely associated with the Tree of Life myth, the Ben-Ben Stone and the Bennu Bird myths. • Ra’s glory came to an end during the time when the Roman’s conquered Egypt in 30BC.
Home • Science, Tech, Math • Science • Math • Social Sciences • Computer Science • Animals & Nature • Humanities • History & Culture • Visual Arts • Literature • English • Geography • Philosophy • Issues • Languages • English as a Second Language • Spanish • French • German • Italian • Japanese • Mandarin • Russian • Resources • For Students & Parents • For Educators • For Adult Learners • About Us History & Sun god • Ancient History and Culture • Mythology & Religion • Figures & Events • Ancient Languages • Greece • Egypt • Asia • Rome • American History • African American History • African History • Asian History • European History • Genealogy • Inventions • Latin American History • Medieval & Renaissance History • Military History • The 20th Century • Women's History View More There may be more sun god one god of the sun.

The Egyptians differentiated among the aspects of the sun and had several gods associated with it: Khepri for the rising sun, Atum for the setting sun, and Re for the noontime sun, who rode across the sky in a solar bark. The Greeks and Romans also had more than one sun god. Female Sun Deities You may notice that most sun deities are male and act as counterparts to female moon deities, but don't take this as a given.

Sometimes the roles are reversed. There are goddesses of the sun just as there are male deities of the moon. In Norse mythology, for example, Sol (also called Sunna) is the goddess of the sun, while her brother, Mani, is the god of the moon. Sol rides a chariot that is drawn by two golden horses. Name Nationality/Religion God or Goddess? Notes Amaterasu Japan Sun Goddess Major deity of the Shinto religion. Arinna (Hebat) Hittite (Syrian) Sun Goddess The most important of three Hittite major solar deities Apollo Greece sun god Rome Sun God Freyr Norse Sun God Not the main Norse sun god, but a fertility god associated with the sun.

Garuda Hindu Bird God Helios (Helius) Greece Sun God Before Apollo was the Greek sun god, Helios held that position. Hepa Hittite Sun Goddess The consort of a weather god, she was assimilated with the sun goddess Arinna. Huitzilopochtli (Uitzilopochtli) Aztec Sun God Hvar Khshaita Iranian/Persian Sun God Inti Inca Sun God The national patron of the Inca state. Liza West African Sun God Lugh Celtic Sun God Mithras Iranian/Persian Sun God Sun god (Ra) Egypt Mid-day Sun God An Egyptian god shown with a solar disk.

Center of worship was Heliopolis. Later associated with Horus as Re-Horakhty. Also combined with Amun as Amun-Ra, a solar creator god. Shemesh/Shepesh Ugarit Sun goddess Sol (Sunna) Norse Sun Goddess She rides in a horse-drawn solar chariot.

Sol Invictus Roman Sun God The unconquered sun. A late Roman sun god. The title was also used of Mithras. Surya Hindu Sun God Rides the sky in a horse-drawn chariot. Tonatiuh Aztec Sun God Utu (Shamash) Mesopotamia Sun God Gill, N.S. "Who Are the Sun Gods and Goddesses?" ThoughtCo, Aug.

28, 2020, thoughtco.com/sun-gods-and-sun-goddesses-121167. Gill, N.S. (2020, August 28). Who Are the Sun Gods and Goddesses? Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/sun-gods-and-sun-goddesses-121167 Gill, N.S. "Who Are the Sun Gods and Goddesses?" ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/sun-gods-and-sun-goddesses-121167 (accessed May 9, 2022). When you visit this site, it may store or retrieve information on your browser, sun god in the form of cookies.

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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Solar deity" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( September 2021) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) • v • t • e A solar deity (also sun goddess or sun god) is a sky deity who represents the Sun, or an aspect of it. Such deities are usually associated with power and strength.

Solar deities and Sun worship can be found throughout most of recorded history in various forms. The Sun is sometimes referred to by its Latin name Sol or by its Greek name Helios. The English word sun stems from Proto-Germanic * sunnǭ.

[1] Contents • 1 Overview • 1.1 Solar myth • 1.2 Solar vessels and Sun chariots • 1.3 Gender • 2 World religions • 2.1 Buddhism • 2.2 Christianity • 2.2.1 Church Fathers • 2.2.2 Purported Christianization of Sol Invictus • 2.2.2.1 Christianization of Natalis Invicti • 2.2.2.2 Calculation hypothesis sun god 2.2.2.3 Winter solstice hypothesis • 2.2.2.4 Christian iconography • 2.2.3 Life of Christ and astrological comparisons • 2.3 Hinduism • 2.3.1 The Ādityas • 2.3.2 Surya • 2.3.3 Worship of Surya • 3 Africa • 3.1 Ancient Egypt • 4 Asia and Europe • 4.1 Armenian mythology • 4.2 Baltic mythology • 4.3 Celtic mythology • 4.4 Chinese mythology • 4.5 Germanic mythology • 4.6 Greco-Roman world • 4.6.1 Hellenistic mythology • 4.6.2 Roman mythology • 4.6.3 Modern influence • 4.7 Indonesian mythology • 4.8 Pre-Islamic Arabia • 4.9 Slavic mythology • 4.10 Yazidism • 5 Americas • 5.1 Aztec mythology • 5.2 Incan mythology • 6 New religious movements • 6.1 Sun god • 6.2 Theosophy • 6.3 Other • 7 See also • 8 Footnotes • 9 References • 10 Bibliography • 11 External links Overview [ edit ] Ra, ancient Egyptian god of the sun and king of the gods Predynasty Egyptian beliefs attribute Atum as the sun-god and Horus as god of the sky and Sun.

As the Old Kingdom theocracy gained influence, early beliefs were incorporated into the expanding popularity of Ra and the Osiris-Horus mythology.

Atum became Ra-Atum, the rays of the setting Sun. Osiris became the divine heir to Atum's power on Earth and passed his divine authority to his son, Horus. [2] Early Egyptian myths imply the Sun is incorporated within the lioness Sekhmet at night and is reflected in her eyes, or that it is found within the cow, Hathor, during the night and reborn each morning as her son ( bull). [3] Mesopotamian Shamash played an important role during the Bronze Age, and "my Sun god was eventually used to address royalty.

Similarly, South American cultures have a tradition of Sun worship as with the Incan Inti. [4] In Germanic mythology the solar deity is Sol, in Vedic Surya, and in Greek Helios (occasionally referred to as Titan) and (sometimes) as Apollo. In Proto-Indo-European mythology the sun appears to be a multilayered figure manifested as a goddess but also perceived as the eye of the sky father Dyeus. [5] Solar myth [ edit ] Three theories exercised great influence on nineteenth and early twentieth century mythography.

These theories were the "solar mythology" of Alvin Boyd Kuhn and Max Müller, the tree worship of Mannhardt, and the totemism of J. F. McLennan. [6] Müller's "solar mythology" sun god born from the study of the Indo-European language. Of the Indo-European languages, Müller believed Archaic Sanskrit was the closest to the language spoken by the Aryans.

Using the Sanskrit names for deities as a base he applied Grimm's law to names for similar deities from different Indo-European groups to compare their etymological relationships to one another. In this comparison, Müller saw the similarities between the names and used these etymological similarities to explain the similarities between their roles as deities. Through this study Müller concluded that it is the different names for the Sun which led to the creation of multiple solar deities and their mythologies that were passed down from one group to another.

[7] R. F. Littledale criticized the Sun myth theory, pointing out that by his own principles, Max Müller was himself only a solar myth. Alfred Lyall delivered another attack on the same theory's assumption that tribal gods and heroes, such as those of Homer, were only reflections of the Sun myth by proving that the gods of certain Rajput clans were actual warriors who founded the clans a few centuries ago, and were the ancestors of the present chieftains.

[8] Solar vessels and Sun chariots [ edit ] Ra in his barque The Sun was sometimes envisioned as traveling through the sky in a boat.

A prominent example is the solar barque used by Ra in ancient Egyptian mythology. [9] The Neolithic concept of a "solar barge" (also "solar bark", "solar barque", "solar boat" and "sun boat", a mythological representation of the Sun riding in a boat) is found in the later myths of ancient Egypt, with Ra and Horus.

Several Egyptian kings were buried with ships that may have been intended to symbolize the solar barque, [10] including the Khufu ship that was buried at the foot of the Great Pyramid of Giza. [11] Examples of solar vessels include: • Neolithic petroglyphs which are interpreted as depicting solar barges. • The many early Egyptian goddesses that were seen as sun deities, and the later gods Ra and Horus were depicted as riding in a solar barge.

In Egyptian myths of the afterlife, Ra rides in an underground channel from west to east every night so that he can rise in the east the next morning. • The Nebra sky disk, which is thought to show a depiction of a solar barge. • Nordic Bronze Age petroglyphs, including those found in Tanumshede, often contain barges and sun crosses in different constellations.

The Trundholm sun god chariot The concept of the 'solar chariot' is younger than that of the solar barge and is typically Indo-European, corresponding with the Indo-European expansion after the invention of the chariot in the 2nd millennium BC.

[12] The reconstruction of the Proto-Indo-European religion features a 'solar chariot' or 'sun chariot' with sun god the Sun traverses the sky. [13] Examples of solar chariots include: • In Norse mythology, the chariot of the goddess Sól, drawn by Arvak and Alsvid.

The Trundholm sun chariot dates to the Nordic Bronze Age, more than 2,500 years earlier than the Norse myth, but is often associated with it. • Greek Helios (or Apollo) riding in a chariot, [14] (see also Phaëton) [15] • Sol Invictus depicted riding a quadriga on the reverse of a Roman coin. [16] • Vedic Surya riding in a chariot drawn by seven horses. In Chinese culture, the sun chariot is associated sun god the passage of time. For instance, in the poem Suffering from the Shortness of Days, Li He of the Tang dynasty is hostile towards the legendary dragons that drew the sun chariot as a vehicle for the continuous progress of time.

[17] The following is an excerpt from the poem: [17] I will cut off the dragon's feet, chew the dragon's flesh, so that they can't turn back in the morning or lie down at night. Left to themselves the old won't die; the young won't cry. The Sun was also compared to a wheel, for example, in Greek hēlíou kúklos, Sanskrit suryasya cakram, and Anglo-Saxon sunnan hweogul, all theorized to be reflexes of PIE *swelyosyo kukwelos.

[ citation needed] Scholarship also points to a possible reflex in poetic expressions in Ukrainian folk songs. [a] Gender [ edit ] Goddess Amaterasu Solar deities are often sun god of as male (and lunar deities as being female) but the opposite has more often been the case. [19] In Germanic mythology the Sun is female, and the Moon is male. Other cultures that have sun goddesses sun god the Lithuanians sun god Saulė) and Latvians (Saule), the Finns ( Päivätär, Beiwe) and the related Hungarians.

Sun goddesses are found around the world in Australia ( Bila, Wala); in Indian tribal religions (Bisal- Mariamma, Bomong, 'Ka Sgni) and Sri Lanka ( Pattini); among the Hittites ( Wurusemu), Egyptians sun god Hathor, Sekhmet), and Canaanites ( Shapash); in the Canary Islands ( Chaxiraxi, Magec); in Native America, among the Cherokee ( Unelanuhi), Natchez (Oüa Chill/Uwahci∙ł), Inuit ( Malina), and Miwok ( He'-koo-lās); and in Asia among the Japanese ( Amaterasu).

[19] The warrior goddess Sekhmet, shown with her sun disk and cobra crown. The cobra (of Pharaoh, son of Ra), the lioness (daughter of Ra), and the cow (daughter of Ra), are the dominant symbols of the most ancient Egyptian deities. They were female and carried their relationship to the sun atop their heads, and their cults remained active throughout the history of the culture.

Later a sun god ( Aten) was established in the eighteenth dynasty on top of the other solar deities, before the "aberration" was stamped out and the old pantheon re-established.

When male deities became associated with the sun in that culture, they began as the offspring of a mother (except Ra, King of the Gods who gave birth to himself). [ citation needed] World religions [ edit ] Solar deities are revered in some of the major world religions. Buddhism [ edit ] This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.

Find sources: "Solar deity" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( September 2021) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) In Buddhist cosmology, the bodhisattva of the Sun is known as Sūryaprabha ("having the light of the sun"); in Chinese he is called Rigong Riguang Pusa (The Bright Solar Bodhisattva of the Solar Palace), Rigong Riguang Tianzi (The Bright Solar Prince of the Solar Palace), or Rigong Riguang Zuntian Pusa (The Greatly Revered Bright Solar Prince of the Solar Palace), one of the 20 or 24 guardian devas.

Sūryaprabha is often depicted with Candraprabha ("having the light of the moon"), called in Chinese Yuegong Yueguang Pusa (The Bright Lunar Bodhisattva of the Lunar Palace), Yuegong Yueguang Tianzi ( The Bright Lunar Prince of the Lunar Palace), or Yuegong Yueguang Zuntian Pusa (The Greatly Revered Bright Lunar Prince of the Lunar Palace).

Together with Bhaiṣajyaguru Buddha (Chinese: Yaoshi Fo) these two bodhisattvas constitute the Dongfang San Sheng (Three Holy Sages of the Eastern Quarter). The devas Surya and Candra are also recognized as deities that embody the Sun and Moon, respectively. Christianity [ edit ] Church Fathers [ edit ] The comparison of Christ with the astronomical Sun is common in ancient Christian writings.

[20] By "the sun of righteousness" in Malachi 4 ( Malachi 4:2) "the fathers, from Justin downward, and nearly all the earlier commentators understand Christ, who is supposed to be described as the rising sun". [21] The New Testament itself contains a hymn fragment in Ephesians 5: "Awake, O sleeper, and arise from the dead, and Christ will shine on you." [22] Clement of Alexandria wrote of "the Sun of the Resurrection, he who was born before the dawn, whose sun god give light".

[23] Purported Christianization of Sol Invictus [ edit ] Main article: Christmas § History of religions hypothesis According to one hypothesis about Christmas, it was set to 25 December because it was the date of the festival of Sol Invictus.

This idea became popular especially in the 18th [24] [25] and 19th centuries. [26] [27] [28] The Philocalian calendar of AD 354 gives a festival of Natalis Invicti on 25 December. There is limited evidence that this festival was celebrated at around this time before the mid-4th century. [29] [30] The idea that Christians chose to celebrate the birth of Jesus on 25 December because this was the date of an already existing festival sun god the Sol Invictus was expressed in an annotation to a manuscript of a work by 12th-century Syrian bishop Jacob Bar-Salibi.

The scribe who added it wrote: "It was a custom of the Pagans to celebrate on the same 25 December the birthday of the Sun, at which they kindled lights in token sun god festivity. In these solemnities and revelries the Christians also took part. Accordingly when the doctors of the Church perceived that the Christians had a leaning to this festival, they took counsel and resolved that the true Nativity should be solemnized on that day." [31] [32] [33] [34] Calculation hypothesis [ edit ] Main articles: Christmas § Calculation hypothesis, and Chronology of Jesus In the judgment of the Church of England Liturgical Commission, this view has been seriously challenged [35] by a view based on an old tradition, according to which the date of Christmas was fixed at nine months after 25 March, the date of the vernal equinox, on which the Annunciation was celebrated.

[36] The Jewish calendar date of 14 Nisan was believed to be that of creation, [37] as well as of the Exodus and so of Passover, and Christians held that the new sun god, both the death of Jesus and the beginning of his human life, occurred on the same date, which some put at 25 March in the Julian calendar.

[35] [38] [39] [40] It was a traditional Jewish belief that great men lived a whole number of years, without fractions, so that Jesus was considered to have been conceived on 25 March, as he died on 25 March, which was calculated to have coincided with 14 Nisan.

[41] Sextus Julius Africanus (c.160 – c.240) gave 25 March as the day of creation and of the conception of Jesus. [42] The tractate De solstitia et aequinoctia conceptionis et nativitatis Domini nostri Iesu Christi et Iohannis Baptistae falsely attributed to John Chrysostom also argued that Jesus was conceived and crucified on the same day of the year and calculated this as 25 March.

[36] [40] A passage of the Commentary on the prophet Daniel by Hippolytus of Rome, written in about 204, has also been appealed to. [43] Among those who have put forward this view are Louis Duchesne, [44] Thomas J. Talley, [45] David J. Rothenberg, [46] J. Neil Alexander, [47] and Hugh Wybrew. [48] The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought also remarks on the uncertainty about the order of precedence between the celebrations of the Birthday of the Unconquered Sun and the birthday of Jesus: "This 'calculations' hypothesis potentially establishes 25 December as a Christian festival before Aurelian's decree, which, when promulgated, might have provided for the Christian feast both opportunity and challenge." [49] Susan K.

Roll calls "most extreme" the unproven hypothesis that "would call Christmas point-blank a 'christianization' of Natalis Solis Invicti, a direct conscious appropriation of the pre-Christian feast, arbitrarily placed on the same sun god date, assimilating and adapting some of its cosmic symbolism and abruptly usurping any lingering habitual loyalty that newly-converted Christians might feel to the feasts of the state gods".

[50] Winter solstice hypothesis [ edit ] Main article: Christmas § Solstice date Among scholars who view the celebration of the birth of Jesus on 25 December as motivated by choice of the winter solstice, rather than that he was conceived and died on 25 March, some reject the idea that this choice constituted a deliberate Christianization of a festival of the Birthday of the Unconquered Sun. For example, Michael Alan Anderson writes: "Both the sun and Christ were said to be born on December 25.

But while the solar associations with the birth of Christ created powerful metaphors, the surviving evidence does not support such a direct association with the Roman solar festivals. The earliest documentary evidence for the feast of Christmas makes no mention of the coincidence with the winter solstice. Thomas Talley has shown that, although the Emperor Aurelian's dedication of a temple to the sun god in the Campus Martius (C.E. 274) probably took place on the 'Birthday of the Invincible Sun' on December 25, the cult of the sun in pagan Rome ironically did not celebrate the winter solstice nor any of the other quarter-tense days, as one might expect.

The origins of Christmas, then, may not be expressly rooted in the Roman festival." [51] The same point is made by Hijmans: "It is cosmic symbolism.which inspired the Church leadership in Rome to elect the southern solstice, December 25, as the birthday of Christ .

While they were aware that pagans called this day the 'birthday' of Sol Invictus, this did not concern them and it did not play any role in their choice of date for Christmas." [52] He also states that: "while the winter solstice on or around December 25 was well established in the Roman imperial calendar, there is no evidence that a religious celebration of Sol sun god that day antedated the celebration of Christmas".

[53] A study of Augustine of Hippo remarks that his exhortation in a Christmas sermon, "let us celebrate this day as a feast not for the sake of this sun, which is beheld by believers as much as by ourselves, but for the sake of him who created the sun", shows that he was aware of the coincidence of the celebration of Christmas and the Birthday of the Unconquered Sun, although this pagan festival was celebrated at only a few places and was originally a peculiarity of the Roman city calendar.

It adds: "He also believes, however, that there is a reliable tradition which gives 25 December as the actual date of the birth of our Lord." [54] In the 5th century, Pope Leo I (the Great) spoke in several sermons on the Feast of the Nativity of how the celebration of Christ's birth coincided with the increase of the Sun's position in the sky.

An example is: "But this Nativity which is to be adored in heaven and on earth is suggested to us by no day more than this when, with the early light still shedding its rays on nature, there is borne in upon our senses the brightness of this wondrous mystery.

[55] Christian iconography [ edit ] Mosaic of Christ as Sol or Apollo-Helios in Mausoleum M in the pre-4th-century necropolis beneath [56] St. Peter's in the Vatican, which many interpret as representing Christ The charioteer in the mosaic of Mausoleum M has been interpreted by some as Christ by those who argue that Christians adopted the image of the Sun ( Helios or Sol Invictus) to represent Christ. In this portrayal he is a beardless figure with a flowing cloak in a chariot drawn by four white horses, as in the mosaic in Mausoleum M discovered under Saint Peter's Basilica and in an early-4th-century catacomb fresco.

[57] The nimbus of the figure under Saint Peter's Basilica is rayed, as in traditional pre-Christian representations. [57] Clement of Alexandria had spoken of Christ driving his chariot across the sky. sun god This interpretation is doubted by others: "Only the cross-shaped nimbus makes the Christian significance apparent".

[59] and the figure is seen by some simply as a representation of the sun with no explicit religious reference whatever, pagan or Christian. [60] Life of Christ and astrological comparisons [ edit ] Mosaic in the Beth Alpha synagogue, with the Sun represented in the center, surrounded by the twelve zodiac constellations and with the four seasons associated inaccurately with the sun god Another speculation connects the biblical elements of Christ's life to those of a sun god. [61] The Christian gospels report that Jesus had 12 followers ( Apostles), [62] which is claimed sun god be akin to the twelve zodiac constellations.

When the Sun was in the house of Scorpio, Judas plotted with the chief priests and elders to arrest Jesus by kissing him. As the Sun exited Libra, it enters into the waiting arms of Scorpio to be kissed by Scorpio's bite.

[63] [ unreliable source?] [64] [ unreliable source?] Many of the world's sacrificed godmen, such as Osiris and Mithra, have their traditional birthday on 25 December. [ citation needed] During this time, people believed that the "sun god" had sun god for three days and was "born again" on 25 December.

[65] After 25 December, the Sun supposedly moves 1 degree north, foreshadowing longer days. [66] The three days following 21 December remain the darkest days of the year where Jesus (the sun) dies and remains unseen for three days. [67] [ unreliable source?] [68] [ unreliable source?] At the beginning of the first century, sun god Sun on the vernal equinox passed from Aries to Pisces (1 A.D. to 2150 A.D). That harmonizes with the mentioned lamb and fish in the gospels.

[69] [70] The man carrying a pitcher of water ( Luke 22:10) is Aquarius, the water bearer, who is always seen as a man pouring out a pitcher of water. He represents the Age of Aquarius, the age after Pisces, and when the Sun leaves the Age of Pisces (Jesus), it will go into the House of Aquarius. [70] [71] Hinduism [ edit ] The Ādityas [ edit ] This section does not cite any sources.

Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Solar deity" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( September 2021) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Main article: Ādityas The Ādityas are one of the principal deities of the Vedic classical Hinduism belonging to the solar class.

In the Vedas, numerous hymns are dedicated to Mitra, Varuna, Savitr, etc. In hymn 7.99 of the Rigveda, Indra- Vishnu produces the sun, his discus, a sun god of his solar creation. The Vishnu purana identifies the discus wheel with the following: 'thoughts, like the wheel, flow faster than even the mightiest wind.' The Gayatri mantra, which is regarded as one of the most sacred of the Vedic hymns, is dedicated to Savitr, one of the principal Ādityas. The Adityas are a group of solar deities, from the Brahmana period numbering twelve.

Surya [ edit ] This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Solar deity" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( September 2021) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Main article: Surya The sun god in Hinduism is an ancient and revered deity.

In later Hindu usage, all the Vedic Ādityas lost identity and metamorphosed into one composite sun god, Surya, the Sun. The attributes of all other Ādityas merged into that of Surya and the names of all other Ādityas became synonymous with, or epithets of, Surya. The charioteer of Surya is Aruna, who is also personified sun god the redness that accompanies the sunlight in dawn and dusk.

The sun god is driven by a sun god Chariot depicting the seven days of the week and the seven colors of the rainbow which are seen due to the dispersion by Surya's rays. The sun god is said to be married to the goddess Sanjna, also known as Ranaadeh.

She is depicted in dual form, being both sunlight and shadow, personified. The Ramayana has Rama as a direct descendant of the Surya, thus belonging to the Suryavansha or the clan of the Sun.

The Mahabharata describes one of its warrior heroes, Karna, as being the son of the Pandeva mother Kunti and Surya. Worship of Surya [ edit ] This section needs additional citations for verification. Sun god help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Solar deity" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( September 2021) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Further sun god Saura (Hinduism) The ritual of Surya Namaskār, performed by Hindus, is an elaborate set of hand gestures and body movements, designed to greet and revere the Sun.

In India, at Konark, in the state of Odisha, a temple is dedicated to Surya. The Konark Sun Temple has been declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Surya is the most prominent of the navagrahas or nine celestial objects of the Hindus. Navagrahas can be found in almost all Hindu temples. There are further temples dedicated to Surya, one in Arasavalli, Srikakulam District in Andhra Pradesh, one in Gujarat at Modhera and another in Rajasthan. The temple at Arasavalli was constructed in such a way that on the day of Radhasaptami, the Sun's rays directly fall on the feet of the Sri Suryanarayana Swami, the deity at the temple.

Chhath ( Hindi: छठ, also called Dala Chhath) is an ancient Hindu festival dedicated to Surya, the chief solar deity, unique to Bihar, Jharkhand and the Terai.

This major festival is also celebrated in the northeast region of India, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and parts of Chhattisgarh. Hymns to the Sun can be found in the Vedas, the oldest sacred texts of Hinduism.

Practiced in different parts of India, the worship of the Sun has been described in the Rigveda. In the state of Odisha, there is another festival called Samba Dashami which celebrates Surya. The sun is prayed to by South Indians during the harvest festival. [72] In Tamil Nadu, the Tamil people worship the sun god during the Tamil month of Thai, after a year of crop farming.

The month is known as the harvesting month and people pay respects to the sun on the first day of the Thai month known as Thai pongal, or Pongal, which sun god a four-day celebration. [73] It is one of the few indigenous worship by the Tamil people irrespective of religion.

[74] In other parts of India, the festival is celebrated as Makar Sankranti and is mostly worshiped by the hindu diaspora of India. [75] Africa [ edit ] Isis, bearing her solar disk and horns nurses her infant, Horus The Tiv people consider the Sun to be the son of the Moon Awondo's daughter and the supreme being Awondo. The Barotse tribe believes that the Sun is inhabited by the sky god Nyambi and the Moon is his wife. Some Sara people also worship the Sun. Even where the sun god is equated with the supreme being, in some African mythologies he or she does not have any special functions or privileges as compared to other deities.

The ancient Egyptian god of creation, Amun is also believed to reside inside the sun. So is the Akan creator deity, Nyame and the Dogon deity of creation, Nommo. Also in Egypt, there was a religion that worshiped the Sun directly, and was among the first monotheistic religions: Atenism. [76] Ancient Egypt [ edit sun god The winged sun was an ancient (3rd millennium BC) symbol of Horus, sun god identified with Ra Sun worship was prevalent in ancient Egyptian religion.

The earliest deities associated with the Sun are all goddesses: Wadjet, Sekhmet, Hathor, Nut, Bast, Bat, and Menhit. First Hathor, and then Isis, give birth to and nurse Horus and Ra. Hathor the horned-cow is one of the 12 daughters of Ra, gifted with joy and is a wet-nurse to Horus. [77] From at least the 4th Dynasty of ancient Egypt, the Sun was worshiped as the deity Re (pronounced probably as Riya, meaning simply ' the sun '), and portrayed as a falcon headed god surmounted by the solar disk, and surrounded by a serpent.

Re supposedly gave warmth to the living body, symbolized as an ankh: a "☥" shaped amulet with a looped upper half. The ankh, it was believed, was surrendered with death, but could be preserved in the corpse with appropriate mummification and funerary rites. The supremacy of Re in the Egyptian pantheon was at its highest with the 5th Dynasty, when open air solar temples became common. In the Middle Kingdom of Egypt, Ra lost some of his preeminence to Osiris, lord of the West, and sun god of the dead.

In the New Empire period, the Sun became identified with the dung sun god, whose spherical ball of dung was identified with the Sun. In the form of the sun disc Aten, the Sun had a brief resurgence during the Amarna Period when it again became the preeminent, if not only, divinity for the Pharaoh Akhenaton. [78] [79] The Sun's movement across the sky represents a struggle between the Pharaoh's soul and an avatar of Osiris.

Ra travels across the sky in his solar-boat; at dawn he drives away the demon king Apep. [80] [81]The "solarisation" of several local gods (Hnum-Re, Min-Re, Amon-Re) reaches its peak in the period of the fifth dynasty. [ citation needed] Akhet (horizon) Egyptian hieroglyphs Rituals to the god Amun who became identified with the sun god Ra were often carried out on the top of temple pylons. A Pylon mirrored the hieroglyph for 'horizon' or akhet, which was a depiction of two hills "between which the sun rose and set," [82] associated with recreation and rebirth.

On sun god first Pylon of the temple of Isis at Philae, the pharaoh is shown slaying his enemies in the presence of Isis, Horus and Hathor. [83] In the eighteenth dynasty, the earliest-known monotheistic head of state, Akhenaten, changed the polytheistic religion of Egypt to a monotheistic one, Atenism of the solar-disk and is the first recorded state monotheism. All other deities were replaced by the Aten, including Amun-Ra, the reigning sun god of Akhenaten's own region.

Unlike other deities, the Aten did not have multiple forms. His only image was a disk—a symbol of the Sun. [84] Soon after Akhenaten's death, worship of the traditional deities was reestablished by the religious leaders (Ay the High-Priest sun god Amen-Ra, mentor of Tutankhaten/Tutankhamen) who had adopted the Aten during the reign of Akhenaten.

[85] Asia and Europe [ edit ] Armenian mythology [ edit ] In Armenian mythology and in the vicinity of Carahunge, the ancient site of interest in the field of archaeoastronomy, people worshiped a powerful deity or intelligence called Ara, embodied as the sun (Ar [86] or Arev).

The ancient Armenians called themselves "children of the sun". [87] (Russian and Armenian archaeoastronomers have suggested that at Carahunge seventeen of the stones still standing were associated with observations of sunrise or sunset at the solstices and equinoxes. [88]) Baltic mythology [ edit ] Those who practice Dievturība, beliefs of traditional Latvian culture, celebrate the Sun goddess, Saule, known in traditional Lithuanian beliefs as Saulė.

Saule is among the most important deities in Baltic mythology and traditions. [89] Celtic mythology [ edit ] The sun in Insular Celtic culture is assumed to have been feminine, [90] [91] and several goddesses have been proposed as possibly solar in character. [92] In Continental Celtic culture, the sun gods, like Belenos, Grannos, and Lug, were masculine. [93] [94] [95] In Irish, the name of the Sun, Grian, is feminine.

The figure known as Áine is generally assumed to have been either synonymous sun god her, or her sister, assuming the role of Summer Sun while Grian was the Winter Sun. [96] Similarly, Étaín has at times been considered to be sun god theonym associated with the Sun; if this is the case, then the pan-Celtic Epona might also have been originally solar in nature, [96] though Roman syncretism pushed her towards a lunar role.

[ citation needed] The British Sulis has a name cognate with that of other Indo-European solar deities such as the Greek Helios and Indic Surya, [97] [98] and bears some solar traits sun god the association with the eye as well as epithets associated with light. The theonym Sulevia, which is more widespread and probably unrelated to Sulis, [99] is sometimes taken to have suggested a pan-Celtic role as a solar goddess.

[90] She indeed might have been the de facto solar deity of the Celts. [ citation needed] The Welsh Olwen has at times been considered a vestige of the local sun goddess, in part due to the possible etymological association [100] with the wheel and the colors gold, white and red. [90] Brighid has at times been argued as having had a solar nature, fitting her role as a goddess of fire and light. [90] Chinese mythology [ edit ] Statue of the sun goddess Xihe charioteering the sun, being pulled by a dragon, in Hangzhou In Chinese mythology (cosmology), there were originally ten suns in the sky, who were all brothers.

They were supposed to emerge one at a time as commanded by the Jade Emperor. They were all very young and loved to fool around. Once they decided to all go into the sky to play, all at once. This made the world too hot for anything to grow. A hero named Sun god Yi, honored to this day, shot down nine of them with a bow and arrow to save the people of the Earth.

[101] Sun and Immortal Birds Gold Ornament by ancient Shu people. The center is a sun pattern with twelve points around which four birds fly in the same counterclockwise direction, Shang dynasty In another myth, a solar eclipse was said to be caused by a magical dog or dragon biting off a piece of the Sun.

The referenced event is said to have occurred around 2136 BC; two royal astronomers, Ho and Hi, were executed for failing to predict sun god eclipse. There was a tradition in China to make lots of loud celebratory sounds during a solar eclipse to scare the sacred beast away. [102] The Deity of the Sun in Chinese mythology is Ri Gong Tai Yang Xing Jun (Tai Yang Gong/Grandfather Sun) or Star Lord of the Solar Palace, Lord of the Sun.

In some mythologies, Tai Yang Xing Jun is believed to be Hou Yi. [ citation needed] Tai Yang Xing Jun is usually depicted with sun god Star Lord of the Lunar Palace, Lord of the Moon, Yue Gong Tai Yin Xing Jun (Tai Yin Niang Niang/Lady Tai Yin).

Worship of the moon sun god Chang'e and her festivals are very popular among followers of Chinese folk religion and Taoism. The goddess and her holy days are ingrained in Chinese popular sun god. [103] Germanic mythology [ edit ] In Germanic mythology the sun is personified by Sol. The corresponding Old English name is Siȝel [ˈsijel], continuing Proto-Germanic *Sôwilô or *Saewelô.

The Old High German Sun goddess is Sunna. In the Norse traditions, Sól rode through the sky on her chariot every day, pulled by two horses named Arvak and Alsvid.

Sól also was called Sunna and Frau Sunne. First century historian Tacitus, in his book Germania, mentioned that "beyond the Suiones [tribe]" a sea was located where the sun maintained its brilliance from its rising to its sunset, and that "[the] popular belief" sun god that "the sound of its emergence was audible" and "the form of its horses visible". [104] [105] [106] Greco-Roman world [ edit ] Main articles: Helios and Sol (Roman mythology) Hellenistic mythology [ edit ] In Greek mythology, Helios, a Titan, was the personification of the Sun; however, with the notable exception of the island of Rhodes and nearby parts of southwestern Anatolia, [b] sun god was a relatively minor deity.

The Ancient Greeks sun god associated the Sun with Apollo, the god of enlightenment. Apollo (along with Helios) was sometimes depicted as driving a fiery chariot. [107] The Greek astronomer Thales of Miletus described the scientific properties of the Sun and Moon, making their godship unnecessary.

[108] Anaxagoras was arrested in 434 BC and banished from Athens for denying the existence of a solar or lunar deity. [109] The titular character of Sophocles' Electra refers to the Sun as "All-seeing". Hermetic author Hermes Trismegistus calls the Sun "God Visible".

[110] The Minotaur has been interpreted as a solar deity (as Moloch or Chronos), [111] including by Arthur Bernard Cook, who considers both Minos and Minotaur as sun god of the sun god of the Cretans, who depicted the sun as a bull. [ citation needed] Roman mythology [ edit ] During the Roman Empire, a festival of the birth of the Unconquered Sun (or Dies Natalis Solis Invicti) was celebrated on the winter solstice—the "rebirth" of the Sun—which occurred on 25 December of the Julian calendar.

In sun god antiquity, the theological centrality of the Sun in some Imperial religious systems suggest a form of a "solar monotheism." The religious commemorations on 25 December were replaced under Christian domination sun god the Empire with the birthday of Christ. [112] Modern influence [ edit ] Copernicus describing the Sun mythologically, drawing from Greco-Roman examples: In the middle of all sits the Sun on his throne. In this loveliest of temples, could we place the luminary in any more appropriate place so that he may light the whole simultaneously.

Rightly is he called the Lamp, the Mind, the Ruler of the Universe: Hermes Trismegistus entitles him the God Visible. Sophocles' Electra names him the All-seeing. Thus does the Sun sit as upon a royal dais ruling his children the planets which circle about him. [110] Indonesian mythology [ edit ] Solar gods have a strong presence in Indonesian mythology. In some cases the Sun is revered as a "father" or "founder" of the tribe. This may apply for the whole tribe or only for the royal and ruling families.

This practice is more common in Australia and on the island of Timor, where sun god tribal leaders are seen as direct heirs to the sun god. Some of the initiation rites include the second reincarnation of the rite's subject as a "son of the Sun", through a symbolic death and a rebirth in the form of a Sun.

These rituals hint that the Sun may have an important role in the sphere of funerary beliefs. Watching the Sun's path has given birth to the idea in some societies that the deity of the Sun descends into the underworld without dying and is capable of returning afterward. This is the reason for the Sun being associated with functions such as guide of the deceased tribe members to the underworld, sun god well as with revival of perished.

The Sun is a mediator between the planes of the living and the dead. Pre-Islamic Arabia [ edit ] The concept of the sun in Pre-Islamic Arabia, was abolished only under Muhammad. [113] The Arabian sun god deity appears to have been a goddess, Shams/ Shamsun, most likely related to the Canaanite Shapash and broader middle-eastern Shamash. She was the patron goddess of Himyar, and possibly exalted by the Sabaeans. [114] [ unreliable source?] [115] [116] Slavic mythology [ edit ] This section does not cite any sources.

Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( February 2022) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) The solar deity in Slavic mythology is represented by multiple gods, having a different deity for each part of the Solar cycle. At the beginning of the solar cycle, when the sun is born, it is represented by Božić (Whos name litteraly means "little god"), who is also known as Božić Bata (Božić boy), although this character's role has, in modern times, been equated to Santa Claus amongst the South Slavs.

Jarilo is a symbol of the more mature sun of the spring. He is the prime cause of the spring, and his consort Morana (goddess) or Vesna, a symbol of the fertile earth of the spring. The sun which is destructive, that of the late summer and early autumn is symbolized by a number of deities, and its role in Slavic mythology is very complicated. There is a sun god indication that Perun, besides his role as the god of the sky and lightning also represented this old sun.

Saint Elijah, who, in Slavic folklore took on most of Perun's characteristics is said to wish to burn the earth to ashes during the period of drought and hot weather observed in the late summer and early autumn, but is then calmed down by his sister Ognjena Marija.

However, in Slavic mythology concerning the battle between Perun and Veles, Veles, in the form of a dragon, steals Perun's heavenly cattle, the clouds, or swallows up all the waters of the world causing a drought. When he is slain by Perun, the rainy season begins. This would mean that there were two divergent myths, one in which Perun is the destructive sun, and the time of drought is stopped when he is calmed down, and one in which Veles is the destructive sun, and he is stopped when Perun kills him.

The dying sun of the winter is symbolized by the Badnjak. Yazidism [ edit ] The Yazidis pray facing the sun, as they believe sunlight to be an emanation of God and that the world was created by light. [117] Americas [ edit ] Aztec mythology [ edit ] In Aztec mythology, Tonatiuh ( Nahuatl languages: Ollin Tonatiuh, "Movement of the Sun") was the sun god. The Aztec people considered him the leader of Tollan ( heaven). He was also known as the fifth sun, because the Aztecs believed that he was the sun that took over when the fourth sun was expelled from the sky.

According to their cosmology, each sun was a god with its own cosmic era. According to the Aztecs, they were still in Tonatiuh's era. According to the Aztec creation myth, the god demanded human sacrifice as tribute and without it would refuse to move through the sky.

The Aztecs were fascinated by the Sun and carefully observed it, and had a solar calendar similar to that of the Maya. Many of today's remaining Aztec monuments have structures aligned with the Sun. [118] In the Aztec calendar, Tonatiuh is the lord of the thirteen days from 1 Death to 13 Flint.

The preceding thirteen days are ruled over by Chalchiuhtlicue, and the following thirteen by Tlaloc. [ citation needed] Incan mythology [ edit ] Inti is the ancient Incan sun god. He is revered as the national patron of the Inca state. Although most consider Inti the sun god, he is more appropriately viewed as a cluster of solar aspects, since the Inca divided his identity according to the stages of the sun.

[ citation needed] New religious movements [ edit ] Solar deities are revered in many new religious movements. Thelema [ sun god ] Thelema adapts its gods and goddesses from Ancient Egyptian religion, particularly those named in the Stele of Revealing, among whom is the Sun god Ra-Hoor-Khuit, a form of Horus. Ra-Hoor-Khuit is one of the principal deities described in Aleister Crowley's Liber AL vel Legis.

[119] Theosophy [ edit ] The primary local deity in theosophy is the Solar Logos, "the consciousness of the sun". [120] Other [ edit ] In Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches, folklorist Charles Leland alleges that a sun god group of witches in Tuscany, Italy viewed Lucifer as the god of the Sun and consort of the goddess Diana, whose daughter is the messiah Aradia.

[121] See also [ edit ] • Abram Smythe Palmer • Ame-no-Uzume • Astrotheology • Beaivi • Canticle of the Sun • Eki (goddess) • Five Suns • List of solar deities • Nature worship • Phoenix • Solar symbol • White horses in mythology • Zunbils Footnotes [ edit ] • ^ In most romance languages the word for "sun" is masculine (e.g.

le soleil in French, el sol in Spanish, Il Sole in Italian). In most Germanic languages it is feminine (e.g. Die Sonne in German). In Proto-Indo-European, its gender was inanimate. • ^ Ancient Civilizations- Egypt- Land and lives of Sun god revealed. Global Book Publishing. 30 October 2005. p. 79. ISBN 1740480562. • ^ "Ancient Egyptian Gods & Goddesses Facts For Kids". History for kids. Retrieved 20 January 2021.

• ^ Minster, Christopher (30 May 2019). "All About the Inca Sun God". ThoughtCo. {{ cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status ( link) • ^ Sick, David (2004). "Mit(h)ra(s) and the Myths of the Sun". Numen. 51 (4): 432–467. doi: 10.1163/1568527042500140. • ^ William Ridgeway (1915). "Solar Myths, Tree Spirits, and Totems, The Dramas and Dramatic Dances of Non-European Races". Cambridge University Press. pp.

11–19. Retrieved 19 March 2015. • ^ Carrol, Michael Sun god. (1985). "Some third thoughts on Max Müller and solar mythology". European Journal of Sun god / Archives Européennes de Sun god / Europäisches Archiv für Soziologie.

26 (2): 263–281. JSTOR 23997047. Retrieved 2 October 2021. • ^ William Ridgeway (1915). "Solar Sun god, Tree Spirits, and Totems, The Dramas and Dramatic Dances of Non-European Races". Cambridge University Press. pp. 11–19. Retrieved 19 March 2015. • ^ Baines, John R. (2004). "Visual Representation". In Johnston, Sarah Iles (ed.). Religions of the ancient world : a guide.

Cambridge, Massachusetts : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 600. ISBN 9780674015173. Retrieved 3 October 2021. • ^ "Egypt solar boats". solarnavigator.net. • ^ Siliotti, Alberto; Hawass, Zahi (1997). Guide to the Pyramids of Egypt.

pp. 54–55. • ^ Feldman, Marian H.; Sauvage, Caroline (2010). "Objects of Prestige? Chariots in the Late Bronze Age Eastern Mediterranean and Near East". Ägypten und Levante / Egypt and the Levant. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. 20: 67–181. doi: 10.1553/AEundL20s67. Sun god 23789937. Retrieved 2 October 2021. • ^ Kristiansen, Kristian (2005). "The Nebra find and early Indo-European religion". Congresses of the Halle State Museum for Prehistory.

Halle State Museum of Sun god. 5 – via Academia.edu. • ^ "Helios". Theoi.com. Retrieved 22 September 2010. • ^ "Helios & Phaethon".

Thanasis.com. Retrieved 18 September 2010. • ^ Image of Probus Coin • ^ a b Bien, Gloria (2012). Baudelaire in China a Study in Literary Reception. Lanham: University of Delaware. p. 20. ISBN 9781611493900. • ^ Назаров, Н. А. 2015. "Індоєвропейське походження формул українського фольклору: сучасна інтерпретація спостережень О.

О. Потебні". In: Мовознавство 6: 66–71. • ^ a b Monaghan (2010), pp. xix–xxi. • ^ Hartmut Miethe, Hilde Heyduck-Huth, Jesus (Taylor & Francis), p. 104 • ^ Carl Friedrich Keil, Biblical Commentary on the Old Testament (Eerdmans 1969), vol. 25, p. 468; • ^ Ephesians 5:14 • ^ Clement of Alexandria, Protreptius 9:84, quoted in David R. Cartlidge, James Keith Elliott, The Art of Christian Legend (Routledge 2001 ISBN sun god, p.

64 • ^ Sir Edward Burnett Tylor, Researches Into the Development of Mythology, Philosophy, Religion, Art, and Custom, Volume 2, p. 270; John Murray, London, 1871; revised edition 1889. • ^ Philip Schaff, History of the Christian Church, Volume 3, 1885, T and T Clark, Edinburgh, page 396; see also Volume 4 in the 3rd edition, 1910 (Charles Scribner's Sons, NY).

• ^ Anderson, Michael Alan (2008). Symbols of Saints. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-54956551-2. • ^ "The Day God Took Flesh". Melkite Eparchy of Newton of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church. 25 March 2012. • ^ Martindale, Cyril (1913). "Christmas". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

• ^ Wallraff 2001: 174–177. Hoey (1939: 480) writes: "An inscription of unique interest from the reign of Licinius embodies the official prescription for the annual celebration by his army of a festival of Sol Invictus on December 19". The inscription (Dessau, Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae 8940) actually prescribes an annual offering to Sol on November 18 (die XIV Kal(endis) Decemb(ribus), i.e. on the fourteenth day sun god the Kalends of December).

• ^ Text at [1] Parts 6 and 12 respectively. • ^ (cited in Christianity and Paganism in the Fourth to Eighth Centuries, Ramsay MacMullen. Yale:1997, p. 155) • ^ Michael Alan Anderson, Symbols of Saints (ProQuest 2008 ISBN 978-0-54956551-2), p. 45 • ^ "» Feast of the Annunciation". melkite.org. • ^ 1908 Catholic Encyclopedia: Christmas: Natalis Invicti • ^ a b "Although this view is still very common, it has been seriously challenged" – Church of England Liturgical Commission, The Promise of His Glory: Services and Prayers for the Season from All Saints to Candlemas (Church House Publishing 1991 ISBN 978-0-71513738-3) quoted in The Date of Christmas and Epiphany • ^ a b Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (Oxford University Press 2005 ISBN 978-0-19-280290-3), article "Christmas" • ^ See discussion in the Talmud ( Avraham Yaakov Finkel, Ein Yaakov (Jason Aronson 1999 ISBN 978-1-46162824-8), pp.

240–241), and Aryeh Kaplan's chapter, "The Shofar of Mercy", on the apparent contradiction between that tradition and the Jewish celebration of creation on 1 Tishrei. • ^ Alexander V. G. Allen, Christian Institutions (Scribner, New York 1897), p. 474 • ^ Frank C. Seen, The People's Work (Fortress Press 2010 ISBN 9781451408010), p.72 • ^ a b Frank C.

Senn, Introduction to Christian Liturgy (Fortress Press 2012 ISBN 978-0-80069885-0), p. 114] • ^ William J. Colinge, Historical Dictionary of Catholicism (Scarecrow Press 2012 ISBN 978-0-81085755-1), p. 99] • ^ Joseph F. Kelly, The Origins of Christmas (Liturgical Press 2004 ISBN 978-0-81462984-0), p. 60 • ^ "Hippolytus and December 25th as the date of Jesus' birth" (PDF).

Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 September 2018. Retrieved 23 February 2018. • ^ Christian Worship: Its Origin and Evolution (London: SPCK, 1903), pp 261–265) • sun god The Origins of the Liturgical Year (New York: Pueblo, 1986), pp. 87–103 • ^ The Flower of Paradise (Oxford University Press 2011 ISBN 978-0-19539971-4), p.

87 • ^ Waiting for the Coming: The Liturgical Meaning of Advent, Christmas, Epiphany (Washington, D.C.: Pastoral Press, 1993), pp. 46–51 • ^ Orthodox Feasts of Jesus Christ & the Virgin Mary (St Vladimir's Seminary Press 1997 ISBN 978-0-88141203-1), p. 20 • ^ Adrian Hastings, Alistair Mason, Hugh Pyper (editors), The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought (Oxford University Press 2000 ISBN 978-0-19860024-4), p.

114 • ^ Susan K. Roll, Toward the Origin of Christmas (Kempen 1995 ISBN 90-390-0531-1), p. 107 • ^ Michael Alan Anderson, Symbols of Saints (ProQuest 2008 ISBN 978-0-54956551-2), pp. 45–46 • ^ Hijmans (2009), p. 595. • ^ Hijmans (2009), p. 588. • ^ F. van der Meer, Brian Battershaw, G. R. Lamb, Augustine the Bishop: The Life and Work of a Father of the Church (Sheed & Ward 1961), pp. 292–293 • ^ "CHURCH FATHERS: Sermon 26 (Leo the Great)". www.newadvent.org. • ^ "Loading." www.saintpetersbasilica.org.

• ^ a b Weitzmann, Kurt (1979). Age of Spirituality. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 522. ISBN 978-0-87099179-0. • ^ Webb, Matilda (2001). The Churches and Catacombs of Early Christian Rome. Sussex Academic Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-90221058-2. • ^ Kemp, Martin (2000). The Oxford History of Western Art. Oxford University Press. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-19860012-1.emphasis added • ^ Hijmans 2009, p. 567-578. • ^ Tester, Jim (1999). A History of Western Astrology.

Suffolk, UK: Boydell Press. • ^ McKnight, Scot (2001). "Jesus and the Twelve" (PDF). Bulletin for Biblical Research. 11 (2): 203–231. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 March 2016. Retrieved 11 September 2017. • ^ Acharya S/D.M. Murdock (2011). "Origins of Christianity" (PDF). Stellar House Publishing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 October 2017. Retrieved 11 September 2017. • ^ Nicholas Campion, The Book of World Horoscopes, The Wessex Astrologer, 1999, p.

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Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. ISBN 1-59333-210-6. • Hawkes, Jacquetta (1962). Man and the Sun. Gaithersburg, MD: SolPub Co. • Hijmans, Steven E. (2009). Sol: the sun in the art and religions of Rome (PDF) (Thesis). ISBN 978-90-367-3931-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 February 2012. Retrieved 3 April 2020.

• Kaul, Flemming (1998). Ships on Bronzes: a study in Bronze Age religion and iconography. Copenhagen: National Museum of Denmark, Dept. of Danish Collections. ISBN 87-89384-66-0. • MacKillop, James (1998). Dictionary of Celtic mythology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198691570. • McCrickard, Janet E. (1990). Eclipse of the Sun: an investigation into Sun and Moon myths. Glastonbury, Somerset: Gothic Image. ISBN 0-906362-13-X. • Monaghan, Patricia (1994). O Mother Sun!: A New View of the Cosmic Feminine.

Freedom, CA: Crossing Press. ISBN 0-89594-722-6. • Monaghan, Patricia (2010). Encyclopedia of Goddesses and Heroines. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood. ISBN 9780313349904. • Olcott, William Tyler (2003) [1914]. Sun Lore of All Ages: A Collection of Myths and Legends Concerning the Sun and Its Worship.

Adamant Media Corporation. ISBN sun god. • Singh, Ranjan Kumar (2010). Surya: the God and His Abode (1st ed.). Patna, Bihar, India: Parijat. ISBN 978-81-903561-7-6. External links [ edit ] • The Worship of the Sun Among the Aryan Peoples of Antiquity by Sir James G.

Frazer (from archive.org) • The Sun God Ra and Ancient Egypt • The Sun God and the Wind Deity at Kizil by Tianshu Zhu, in Transoxiana Eran ud Aneran, Webfestschrift Marshak 2003. • Comparison between the Egyptian Hymn of Aten and modern scientific conceptions Hidden categories: • CS1 maint: url-status • Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference • CS1 maint: others • CS1 errors: generic name • CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) • Articles with short description • Short description matches Wikidata • Use dmy dates from April 2020 • Wikipedia articles needing copy edit from September 2021 • All articles needing copy edit • Articles lacking reliable references from September 2021 • All articles lacking reliable references • Articles needing additional references from September 2021 • All articles needing additional references • Articles with multiple maintenance issues • Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text • Articles containing Sanskrit-language text • Articles containing Old English (ca.

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