Edinburgh city

• News • Club News • First Team • ECFC Women • Match Reports • Youth • Fixtures • SPFL Team • Fixtures & Results • League Table • ECFC Women • Fixtures & Results • League Table • u20s Development Team • Fixtures & Results • League Table • Teams • SPFL Team • Playing Squad • Coaching Team edinburgh city ECFC Women • Playing Squad • Coaching Team • u20s Development Team • Coaching Team • ECFC Youth • ECFC Video • LIVE Streaming • Edinburgh City TV • ECFC Direct • Contact • Board of Directors • ECFC History • Club History • Archive • 2017/18 • 2018/19 • 2019/20 • 2020/21 Search for: Welcome to Scotland’s capital, the International Festival City of Edinburgh and the home of Edinburgh City FC The club currently plays in edinburgh city Scottish Professional Football League and is based at the impressive, Ainslie Park Stadium on Pilton Drive in north Edinburgh.

The ground is the home of Spartans FC and is the central part of their Community Football Academy. The first-class facility incorporates a fully enclosed stadium which meets SFA and SPFL criteria, with a 3G pitch, floodlights, seating for 504 spectators and an overall capacity of 3,000.

A full size, floodlit additional artificial pitch sits adjacent to the main playing area and the accommodation incorporates six changing rooms, a club room, committee room and a physio room.

The ground holds a PA system and a bar for spectators. We will be tenants of Spartans for at least the next three seasons, starting in 2017/18 while our traditional home of Meadowbank Stadium undergoes extensive refurbishment. As members of the Scottish Football Association City also play in the William Hill Scottish Cup. Edinburgh City were founded in 1928. The club aimed to become the Edinburgh equivalent of the Glasgow club Queen’s Park, and joined the Scottish Edinburgh city League as an amateur club in 1931.

They achieved a edinburgh city Scottish Cup victory when they defeated Hibernian 3–2 at Easter Road in the first round of the 1937-38 competition but lost to Raith Rovers in the next round. The club played in the Lothian Amateur League during the Second World War and were only admitted to the C Division in 1946.

Edinburgh city three more years of struggle, the club left the Scottish Football League in 1949; switching to junior status and playing in the Edinburgh & District Junior League. The club ceased activity edinburgh city in 1955, when the local council refused to renew its lease on its home ground, City Park. The Edinburgh City Football Club Ltd (Social Club), which had continued trading throughout the abeyance of the football club, gave their approval in 1986 for Postal United to use the Edinburgh City name.

The club has regularly participated in the Scottish Cup since the mid-1990s, when it became a full member of the Scottish Football Association. In the 1997–98 Scottish Cup they defeated SFL club, East Stirlingshire, before losing to Premier League opposition Dunfermline Athletic at East End Park.

In 2012-13 they defeated SFL club Montrose 3-1 at Links Parks before Queen of the South defeated ”The Citizens” 2-0 at Meadowbank in the next round. The demise of Airdrieonians in 2002 left an opening in the Scottish League, which the club made application for, losing out however to Gretna FC.

Ironically, a second application for league status followed in 2008 edinburgh city Gretna’s own liquidation but on that occaision Annan Athletic FC were elected. The East of Scotland Football League Premier Division title was won for the first time in the 2005-06 season. Edinburgh city 2013 Edinburgh City resigned from the East of Scotland League to join the newly formed Scottish Lowland Football League which was set up to institute a football pyramid system edinburgh city the winners of both the lowland and Highland League vying for a place in the Scottish Football League.

City won the Scottish Lowland Football League in the 2014-15 season and were beaten on edinburgh city and the right to play Montrose by the Highland League Champions Brora Rangers after the two legged tie ended level.

The following season, City again won the Lowland League in 2015-16 and played Cove Rangers, winning the first leg 3-0 away from home and drawing 1-1 at Meadowbank. City then hosted East Stirlingshire at Meadowbank in the 1st leg of the play-off final and drew 1-1. A late penalty from captain and club legend Dougie Gair was enough to seal a famous 1-0 victory in the second leg thus securing Scottish footballing history and a place in the Scottish Professional Football League.

Edinburgh City also have a fantastic youth section ranging from children as young as five years old through to our U19s team who play in the various youth leagues within the Edinburgh area. Our U20s team play in the East of Scotland League where their home games are also based at Ainslie Park. Senior Honours SPFL League 2 play off winners 2016 Scottish Qualifying Cup (South) 1947 East of Scotland (City) Cup 1948 Alex Jack Cup 1990, 1992 East of Scotland League Cup 1992, 2002, 2013 East of Scotland League First Division Champions 1996 Scottish Cup 3rd Round 1998, 2012 and 2014 King Cup 1999, 2000 Image Printers East of Scotland Qualifying Cup 2003, 2012 Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland and it is located in central eastern Scotland, near the Firth of Forth, close to the North Sea.

Thanks to its spectacular rocks, rustic buildings and a huge collection of medieval and classic architecture, including edinburgh city stone decorations, it is often considered one of the most lively cities in Europe. Scottish people called it Auld Reekie, Edina, Athens of the North and Britain’s Other Eye. Edinburgh is not only one of the most beautiful cities in Europe, it is a city with a fantastic position. The view falls on all sides – green hills, the hint of the blue sea, the silhouettes of the buildings and the red cliffs.

It is a city that calls you to explore it by foot – narrow streets, passageways, stairs and hidden church yards on every step will pull you away from the main streets.

The city is one of the most popular tourist destinations in the UK. It is the capital of Scotland and home to many tourist attractions. A visit here will be well worth it, considering the numerous things you can do and see. Most of the structures in the Old Town have remained in their edinburgh city form over the years.

Charming medieval relics are plenty in this section of the city. In contrast, orderly Georgian terraces line the streets of the New Town.

The general urban scenery is a blend of ancient structures and modern architecture, which gives edinburgh city city a unique character. In 1995, the Old Town was listed as a UNESCO Heritage Site. With year round festivals, a throbbing nightlife and an entertaining arts scene, Edinburgh never falls short of interesting travel ventures for tourists.

Edinburgh and culture Edinburgh is a city of literature – it was the first city to be called edinburgh city UNESCO city of Literature. Visit the National Library of Scotland, the Museum of Writers, the Scottish Center of Story Telling, the Library of Poetry and many other libraries.

The list of famous Scottish authors is very long, just choose your favorite one and enjoy researching everything linked to that person: Arthur Conan Doyle, J.K. Rowling, Robert Fergusson, Robert Burns, Walter Scott, Robert Louis Stevenson, Allan Ramsay, Alexander McCall Smith, Ian Rankin, Liz Lochhead, James Kelman, Alasdair Grey, Dorothy Dunnett, Muriel Spark, Lewis Grassic Gibbon, Neil M.

Gunn, John Buchan, Hugh MacDiarmid… Edinburgh is a beautiful city filled with stunning geology. Its diverse landscape is worth seeing, as it transforms from the volcanic Pentland Hills in the south, to the seaside resort of Portobello in the East. To get a birds-eye view of the city, you can scale Arthur’s Seat, an extinct volcano, which is one of the most popular attractions. Edinburgh Castle No matter how you get to Edinburgh – by train, bus or cab from the airport – Edinburgh Castle is a must see destination.

You don’t need to be a good strategist to know why the castle is edinburgh city at that spot – the volcanic hill with the sharp cliffs that have been cut by glaciers is the main reason Edinburgh is located here. From this spot it is very easy to defend Edinburgh from an attack from all directions.

Edinburgh Castle has changed its owners many times; it was captured by the English edinburgh city Scottish. When you arrive you must, visit St. Margaret’s chapel – the oldest part in the castles complex and it is likely the oldest building that can be found in Edinburgh; it was built presumably around 1130. in the honour of queen Margaret who lived in the 11th century, and also boasts two beautiful rustic chandeliers that date respectively from 1695 and 1735.

Edinburgh Castle is one of the attractions that you simply must see. It is the most visited tourist attraction in Scotland. Map of Edinburgh Edinburgh Festival The Edinburgh international festival is more than a festival.

It is an international festival, that offers you various artist edinburgh city (classical music, opera, ballet, drama). The Summer Edinburgh Festival traditionally is held during three weeks in August every year, and Edinburgh attract visitors from all around the world.

You can also plan a visit during the Fringe Festival, where you will see comedy performances, drama and artists. You can also can visit the Book Festival, Jazz Festival and TV Festival, as well as others.

Yes, Scottish folks love a good festival! Other places of interest and things to do include: • Calton Hill, home to Edinburgh’s most prominent monuments • National Edinburgh city of Scotland, explore the natural world and Scottish history • Scotch Whisky Experience, a guided tour explaining the distillation process of making this whisky • Royal Mile, one of the oldest parts of the city with a road that starts nearby Edinburgh Castle and winds down to the Palace of Holyroodhouse • Children’s attractions are also available and they include Edinburgh city Zoo, Deep Sea World, Georgie City Farm, and Laserquest • Edinburgh is home to many theatres, where art lovers flock to witness on stage performances such as plays, operas, music concerts, and cabarets.

• Edinburgh Military Tattoo. A must see show and is usually held every August in Edinburgh, it is held for three weeks and showcases military bands and dancing troops from all over the world Edinburgh City Pass A great way to discover some of the attractions and experiences you might otherwise miss you might be interested in the Edinburgh City Pass. The pass is valid for one, two, or three days and includes free entry to 17 handpicked edinburgh city. Included is the Inside Edinburgh Guide with map and local tips and offers.

For more information visit www.edinburghcitypass.com Smoke from the 1 o’clock gun at Edinburgh Castle Accommodation in Edinburgh Edinburgh offers a plethora of hotels within the city center.

Finding a parking space in this central business district can be challenging though, so visitors should book hotels that offer parking space to avoid any problems. The suburbs in Newington, Tollcross, and Bruntsfield are a little less crowded. Mid-range hotels abound in the Old Town, especially around Cowgate and Hunter Square. St. Mary’s Street has plenty of accommodation options, ranging from award winning bed & breakfasts, 5 star hotels, and impressive townhouse villas, to hostels and affordable travel lodges in the south.

If you want to stay in a home away from home, consider booking a self-catered apartment. Keep in mind that it may be difficult to get accommodation during August Festivals and New Year’s Hogmanay celebrations, as most hotels are usually fully booked.

If you intend to visit then, make reservations months in advance. Video: Edinburgh Festival City Further Information and attractions: • East Lothian Information Page • Hotels in Edinburgh • Edinburgh Official Website • Edinburgh Festival Fringe • Edinburgh International Festival Primary Sidebar
Top destination searches • Aberdeen • Isle of Arran • Aviemore • Ayr • Dumfries • Dundee • Edinburgh • Fort William • Glasgow • Glencoe • Highlands • Inverness • Isle of Islay • Isle of Jura • Isle of Mull • Kirkwall • Lerwick • Isle of Lewis, Isle of Harris & Stornoway • Loch Lomond • Loch Ness • Oban • Orkney • Peebles • Perth • Pitlochry • Edinburgh city • Isle of Skye • St Andrews • Stirling Accommodation types • Accessible accommodation • B&Bs & guest houses • Holiday Lodges, Chalets and Log Cabins • Caravan Holidays and Camping • Eco accommodation • Exclusive use venues • Glamping Holidays • Honeymoon • Hostels • Hotels • Restaurants with rooms & inns • Quality Assurance • Self-catering • Unusual places to stay • Wedding venues This booking system and any information appearing on this page relating to the availability of any accommodation is provided by third parties and not by VisitScotland.

It is intended to provide real time availability information relating to accommodation which is also provided by third parties. You may use this booking system to place direct bookings with third party accommodation providers. Any booking you make will not be placed with VisitScotland and we will have no liability to you in respect of any booking. If you proceed to make a booking you will leave our Website and visit a website owned and operated by a third party.

VisitScotland does not have any control over the content or availability of any external website. This booking system and any information appearing on this page is provided for your information and convenience only and is not intended to be an endorsement by VisitScotland of the content of such linked websites, the quality of any accommodation listed, or of the services of any third party. The Old Town, although only about a mile long edinburgh city 300 yards wide, represents the total extent of the twin burghs of Edinburgh and Canongate for the first 650 years of their existence, and its general appearance and character remain indubitably medieval with its tortuous alleys and tightly packed closes.

Containing as it does the majority of the city's most famous tourist sights - including the Castle and the Royal Mile - it makes by far the best starting point for your explorations. To the north of Princes Street, the New Town, itself well over 200 years old, stands in total contrast to the Old: the layout is symmetrical, the streets are broad and straight, and most of the buildings are Neoclassical in design. Originally intended to be residential, today the New Town is the bustling hub of the city's professional, commercial and business life, dominated by shops, banks and offices.

Show More Show Less This booking system and any information appearing on this page relating to the availability of any accommodation is provided by third parties and not by VisitScotland. It is intended to provide real time availability information relating to accommodation which is also provided by third parties. You may use this booking system to place direct bookings with third party accommodation providers. Any booking you make will not be placed with VisitScotland and we will have no liability to you in respect of any booking.

If you proceed to make a booking you will leave our Website and visit a website owned and operated by a third party. VisitScotland does not have any control over the content or availability of any external website.

This booking system and any information appearing on this page is provided for your information and convenience only and is not intended to be an endorsement by VisitScotland of the content of such linked websites, the quality of any accommodation listed, or of the services of any third party. • Entertainment & Pop Culture • Geography & Travel • Health & Medicine • Lifestyles & Social Issues • Literature • Philosophy & Religion • Politics, Law & Government • Science • Sports & Recreation • Technology • Visual Arts • World History • On This Day in History • Quizzes • Podcasts • Games • Dictionary • Biographies • Summaries • Top Questions • Week In Edinburgh city • Infographics • Demystified • Lists • #WTFact • Companions • Image Galleries • Edinburgh city • The Forum • One Good Fact edinburgh city Entertainment & Pop Culture • Geography & Travel • Health & Medicine • Lifestyles & Social Issues • Literature • Philosophy & Religion • Politics, Law & Government • Science • Sports & Recreation • Edinburgh city • Visual Arts • World History • Britannica Classics Check out these retro videos from Encyclopedia Britannica’s archives.

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Edinburgh, Gaelic Dun Eideann, capital city of Scotland, located in southeastern Scotland with its centre near the southern shore of the Firth of Forth, an arm of the North Sea that thrusts westward into the Scottish Lowlands. The city and its immediate surroundings constitute an independent council area. The city and most of the council area, including the busy port of Leith on the Firth of Forth, lie within the historic county of Midlothian, but the council area also includes an area in the northwest, around South Queensferry, in the historic county of West Lothian.

Physically, Edinburgh is a city of sombre theatricality, with much of this quality deriving from its setting among crags and hills and from its tall buildings and spires of dark stone. Edinburgh has been a military stronghold, the capital of an independent country, and a centre edinburgh city intellectual activity.

Although it has repeatedly experienced the vicissitudes of fortune, the city has always renewed itself.

Today it is the seat of the Scottish Parliament and the Scottish Executive, and it remains a major centre for finance, law, tourism, education, and cultural affairs. Area council area, 102 square miles (264 square km). Pop. (2001) city, 431,393; council area, 476,626; (2011) city, 459,366; council area, 482,640.

How well do you know the world’s capital cities? In this quiz you’ll be presented with the names of 195 capital cities. You’ll need to match them to their countries. Character of the city Although Edinburgh absorbed surrounding villages and the Firth of Forth ports between 1856 and 1920, its aesthetic and political heart still lies in its small historic core, comprising the Old Town and the New Town.

The Old Town, built up in the Middle Ages when the fear of attack was constant, huddles high on the Castle Rock overlooking the surrounding plain. The New Town, in contrast, spreads out in a magnificent succession of streets, crescents, and terraces. The medieval Old Town and the Neoclassical New Town were designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1995.

Edinburgh, Scotland. © Hemera/Thinkstock “This profusion of eccentricities, this dream in masonry and living rock is not a drop-scene in a theatre,” wrote Robert Louis Stevenson, the 19th-century Scottish novelist, essayist, and poet who was born in the New Town, “but a city in the world of reality.” The contrasts that make Edinburgh unique also make it typically Scottish, for, despite its reserved exterior, it is also a city capable of great warmth and even gaiety.

Historically, its citizens have also been capable of great passion, especially in matters royal or religious. In 1561, for example, a mob spurred by the fiery Protestant preacher John Knox tried to break into the private chapel in the Palace of Holyroodhouse, where Mary, Queen of Scots (1542–67), newly returned from France, was attending a Roman Catholic mass.

In 1637 a riot in the cathedral of St. Giles in protest against a new service book provoked a Scottish revolt against Charles I and precipitated the War of the Three Kingdoms, which engulfed the whole of Britain in the 1640s and ended in Charles’s execution ( see Bishops’ Wars; English Civil Wars). In 1736 the burgh nearly lost its royal charter following the lynching of John Porteous, captain of the city guard.

The Porteous riots and lynching were a type of violent gesture common to the history of most old cities. Yet, even in this moment of deranged passion, the city manifested its complex character: needing a hanging rope, the mob descended on a shop and bought one. A city long renowned for a somewhat inflexible respectability—when West Princes Street Gardens were turned over to the general public in 1876, smoking was forbidden—Edinburgh concurrently maintained a fascinating netherworld of ribaldry and drunkenness.

A poet, jurist, or novelist of sufficient distinction might succeed in inhabiting both worlds. One who clearly did was William Brodie, a member of respectable society—deacon of the Incorporation of Wrights and Masons and a town councillor—who by night was the mastermind behind a gang of burglars.

Brodie was convicted and hanged in 1788 for his crimes, and his edinburgh city life is reputed to have been part of the inspiration for Stevenson’s Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1886). Brodie’s Close, a public house on the Royal Mile in Edinburgh, is named after him.

Such “Edinburgh characters” abounded during the flourishing Neoclassical period of the 18th and 19th centuries known as the Augustan Age, when the city’s authors, critics, publishers, teachers, physicians, and scientists formed an intellectual elite of world influence. With the subsequent relapse of the city into a more provincial role, such noted eccentrics became virtually extinct. Blake Ehrlich Archie Rule Turnbull Michael Lynch Landscape City site Edinburgh occupies some 7 miles (11 km) edinburgh city north-facing slope between the Pentland Hills and the broad Firth of Forth estuary, where it merges with the once-independent seaport of Leith.

Upthrusts of lava punctuate this slope. One of them, called Arthur’s Seat, the centrepiece of the royal park, has an elevation of 823 feet (251 metres) and dominates the city’s southeastern flank.

The valleys between these striking hills were scoured deep and clean by glacial action in the Pleistocene Epoch. Edinburgh has been built on top of and around these obstacles so that the nearer one comes to the city centre, the more spectacular is the juxtaposition of natural and built environment, with terraces of stone confronting soaring thrust.

At the city’s core is the Old Town’s Castle Rock, a plug of black basalt sealing the vent of an extinct volcano. It stands 250 feet (76 metres) above the valley floor and is crowned by the famous Edinburgh Castle, which, subtly floodlit every night, stirs even the habituated townsfolk.

Glacial ice once flowed from the west and around the Castle Rock’s flanks, depositing the accumulated debris of a lateral moraine east of the rock to create a crag and tail formation. Along the crest of this tail, and down its steep sides, the Old Town was built from the edinburgh city century onward. Some 600 feet (180 metres) north of the Castle Rock, across the valley that is now Princes Street Gardens, lies the New Town, a district that was planned and built in successive phases between 1767 and 1833.

It offers a dignified tribute to edinburgh city international taste of the Enlightenment and to the surveyor’s set square. Its edinburgh city was overly regular to begin with, but later developments—as can be seen at the west end of Princes Street—paid more respect to natural contours and softened the regimentation of the right angle with curves and crescents. The New Town’s northwestern boundary is roughly the line of Edinburgh’s only substantial stream, the Water of Leith.

The stream’s brief course from the Pentlands to the sea provided power for the mills of a series of villages—Dalry, Dean, Stockbridge, Silvermills, and Canonmills—that experienced significant growth from the early 17th century onward. These villages, which sprang up largely as industrial centres with paper and textile mills, are now embedded in the 19th-century matrix of the town, providing fashionable, bijou residences.
Football club Edinburgh City Full name Edinburgh City Football Club Nickname(s) The Citizens Founded 1928 ; 94 years ago ( 1928) (original club) 1966 ; 56 years ago ( 1966) (present club) Ground Ainslie Park, Edinburgh Chairman Jim Brown [1] Manager Alan Maybury (interim) League Scottish League Two 2020–21 Scottish League Two, 2nd of 10 Website Club website Third colours Edinburgh City Football Club is a semi-professional senior Scottish football club which plays in Scottish League Two, the fourth tier of the Scottish Professional Football League.

The club edinburgh city at Ainslie Park, where they have groundshared since 2017. A club known as Edinburgh City was first formed in 1928.

It participated in the Scottish Football League in the 1930s and 1940s, but went out of business in the 1950s. The present club adopted the Edinburgh City name in 1986. It applied to join the Scottish Football League in 2002 and 2008, but failed to win election. Edinburgh City became members of the new Lowland League in 2013.

The club won the Lowland League championship in 2015 and 2016 and won promotion to the Scottish Professional Football League in 2016. Edinburgh city • 1 History • 2 Colours • 3 Stadium • 4 First-team squad • 5 Coaching Staff • 6 Honours • 7 References • 8 External links History [ edit ] The original Edinburgh City was founded in 1928.

The club adopted amateur status, with the aim of becoming the Edinburgh equivalent of Queen's Park. Edinburgh City joined the Scottish Football League in 1931. [2] The club played in the Lothian Amateur League during the Second World War and were only admitted to the C Division in 1946. [3] [4] After three more years of struggle, the club left the Scottish Football League in 1949. [3] [4] It switched to junior status and played in the Edinburgh & District Junior League.

[3] [4] The club ceased activity completely in 1955, [3] when the local council refused to renew its lease on its home ground, City Park.

[4] A club called Postal United was founded in 1966 and joined the East of Scotland League. Their best league finish was third in 1985–86, having won the Qualifying Cup in 1982–83 and King Cup in 1984–85. The Edinburgh City Football Club Ltd., [5] which had continued trading as a social club since the football club stopped playing, gave their approval in 1986 for Postal United to use the Edinburgh City name.

[4] The club has participated in the Scottish Cup since the mid-1990s, when it became a full member of the Scottish Football Association.

[4] In the 1997–98 Scottish Cup they defeated SFL club, East Stirlingshire, before losing 7–2 to Dunfermline Athletic, then of the Premier Division. The club applied to join the Scottish Football League in 2002, [6] after Airdrieonians had gone bankrupt, but Gretna won the vote instead. Edinburgh City applied again following Gretna's liquidation in 2008, [7] but this time lost out to Annan Athletic. [8] Edinburgh City won the East of Scotland Football League Premier Division title for the first time in the 2005–06 season and became members of the new Lowland League in 2013.

[9] The club won the Lowland League title in 2014–15 and 2015–16. They then gained promotion to the Scottish Professional Football League by defeating East Stirlingshire in a play-off with a penalty four minutes from time by Dougie Gair.

[10] The victory also meant that it was the first time that a non-league club had been promoted to the professional league. The club has remained within Scottish League Two since their promotion, finishing in seventh place during their first season of 2016-17.

[11] They avoided the League Two play-offs in 2018, finishing 8 points ahead of bottom placed Cowdenbeath. [12] The club fared better in 2018–19, finishing third and qualifying for the League One play-offs.

[13] However, they were knocked out by Clyde in the play-off semi-finals, losing 4–0 over two legs. [14] Edinburgh City sat second in the table after 27 games when the truncated 2019–20 season was brought to an early finish in April 2020. [15] The club began preparations for Season 2020–21 by announcing the signing of a pre-contract with former striker Ouzy See in June 2020. [16] Edinburgh city was followed up by the signing of defender Lee Hamilton from Stranraer and goalkeeper Kelby Mason in July.

[17] [18] The club also confirmed that sporting director Jim Jefferies had departed to return to Hearts. [19] Colours [ edit ] The club colours are white and black. [4] Postal United F.C. played in all-red, but switched to the traditional colours when it adopted the Edinburgh City identity in edinburgh city.

[4] Stadium [ edit ] Ainslie Park, where the club has groundshared with Edinburgh city since 2017 The original club played its home matches at Powderhall Stadium and City Park during its time in the Scottish Football League. The present club initially played their home fixtures at the Saughton Enclosure, which is now home to Lothian Thistle, before switching to Paties Road, where Edinburgh United currently play.

Edinburgh City then moved to City Park and then Fernieside. Edinburgh City moved to Meadowbank Stadium in 1996, which had been vacated by the move of Meadowbank Thistle to Livingston. [4] In February 2013, the City of Edinburgh Council started a new consultation process about the future of Meadowbank Stadium.

[20] Three options for redeveloping Meadowbank were put forward for consideration by Edinburgh Council in December 2013. [21] A planned design was made public in November 2016 [22] and work began after the 2016–17 season ended. [23] Edinburgh City reached an agreement with Spartans to use their Ainslie Park ground for three edinburgh city while Meadowbank is redeveloped.

[24] The club announced in March 2021 that they would return to Meadowbank for the 2021–22 season, with the ground now having a 4G artificial playing surface and a 500-seat stand. [25] Due to construction delays because of the Covid-19 pandemic, the club remained at Ainslie Park for the 2021–22 season. [26] First-team squad [ edit ] As of 31 January 2022 [27] Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules.

Players may hold more than one edinburgh city nationality. No. Pos. Nation Player — GK SCO Jack Leighfield — GK SCO Cameron Edinburgh city — GK USA Brian Schwake (on loan from Livingston) — DF SCO Ciaran Brian — DF SCO Jack Brydon (on loan from Hibernian) — DF SCO Callum Crane — DF SCO Cameron Fraser — DF SCO Lee Hamilton — DF SCO Cammy Logan (on loan from Hearts) — DF SCO Robbie McIntyre ( captain) — DF SCO Ben Stirling (on loan from Hamilton Academical) — DF RSA Michael Travis No. Pos. Nation Player — MF SCO Lucas Berry — MF SCO James Farrell — MF SCO Danny Jardine — MF SCO Jonny Jarron — MF SCO Anthony McDonald — MF SCO Innes Murray (on loan from Hibernian) — MF SCO Callum Tapping — FW SCO Danny Handling — FW SCO John Robertson — FW SCO Ouzy See — FW SCO Ryan Shanley Coaching Staff [ edit ] Position [28] Name Manager Alan Maybury (interim) Assistant Manager Mark Kerr (interim) First Team Coach Liam Burns Honours [ edit ] SPFL League 2 • Runners-up (2): 2019–20, 2020–21 Lowland Football League • Winners (2): 2014–15, 2015–16 East of Scotland Football League • Winners: 2005–06 • Runners-up: 2003–04 East of Scotland Football League First Division • Winners: 1995–96 • Edinburgh city 1989–90 SFA South Region Challenge Cup • Runners-up (3): 2007–08, 2010–11, 2015–16 East of Scotland League Cup • Winners (3): 1992–93, 2001–02, 2012–13 [29] • Runners-up (4): 2000–01, 2003–04, 2004–05, 2011–12 King Cup • Winners (2): 1998–99, 1999–00 • Runners-up: 2004–05 References [ edit ] • ^ Pilcher, Ross (26 May 2017).

"Jim Brown appointed chairman of Edinburgh City". Edinburgh Evening News. Johnston Publishing Ltd. Retrieved 1 June 2017. • ^ ( Bob Crampsey 1990, p. 294) • ^ a b c d ( Bob Crampsey 1990, p. 295) • ^ a b c d e f g h i "Edinburgh City".

Historical Football Kits. Retrieved 20 October 2011. • ^ "THE EDINBURGH CITY FOOTBALL CLUB LIMITED". Archived from the original on 10 December 2018. • ^ Lindsay, Clive (17 June 2002). "Airdrie may edge out Gretna". BBC Sport. BBC. Retrieved 20 Edinburgh city 2011.

• ^ "Edinburgh City will apply to SFL". BBC Sport. BBC. 11 June 2008. Retrieved 20 October 2011. • ^ "Annan voted into Scottish league". BBC Sport. BBC. 3 July 2008. Retrieved 20 October 2011.

• ^ "Scottish Lowland Football League clubs selected". Scottish FA. SFA. 17 June 2013. • ^ Edinburgh city, Brian (14 May 2016). "East Stirlingshire 0–1 Edinburgh City". BBC Sport. BBC. Retrieved 28 May 2016. • ^ "Scottish League 2, 2016/2017 Season". skysports.com. Retrieved 7 May 2020. • ^ "2017/2018 LEAGUE TWO". spfl.co.uk. Retrieved 22 May 2020. • ^ "Scottish League Two table 2018/19". skysports.com. Retrieved 1 June 2020.

• ^ "SCOTTISH LEAGUE ONE - PLAY-OFF SEMI-FINAL - 2ND LEG 3 0". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 1 June 2020. • ^ "Scottish League 2 2019/20 Season". skysports.com. Retrieved 4 June 2020. • ^ "Ouzy See returns". edinburghcityfc.com. • ^ "Hamilton Is A Citizen". edinburghcityfc.com. Retrieved 14 July 2020. • ^ "Edinburgh City Complete Signing of Kelby Mason". edinburghcityfc.com. Retrieved 14 July 2020. • ^ "Edinburgh City FC Confirms Jim Jefferies' Departure".

edinburghcityfc.com. • ^ "Future of Meadowbank Stadium unclear as council opens negotiations". www.news.stv.tv. STV. 8 February 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2013. • ^ "Three options considered for Meadowbank Stadium in Edinburgh".

BBC News. BBC. 10 December 2013. Retrieved 11 December 2013. • ^ "New Meadowbank Stadium design plans unveiled". BBC News. BBC. 10 November 2016. Retrieved 28 April 2017. • ^ Temple, Alan (28 April 2017). "Pitch invasions, Manchester United & DIY: Emotional Edinburgh City prepare for Meadowbank farewell". Deadline News. Retrieved 28 April 2017. • ^ Pilcher, Ross (29 March 2017).

"Edinburgh City and Spartans confirm three-season groundshare". Edinburgh Evening News. Retrieved 28 April 2017. • ^ McGlade, Neil (31 March 2021). "Edinburgh City set for Meadowbank return in 'major step' for club". Edinburgh Evening News. Retrieved 25 May 2021. • ^ Delaney, James (3 May 2022). "Meadowbank Edinburgh city 'finishing line in sight' as delayed arena to open". STV News. Retrieved 3 May 2022. • ^ "Edinburgh City squad". Edinburgh City FC. Retrieved 1 July 2020. • ^ "Management".

Edinburgh City FC. Retrieved 1 July 2020. • ^ "Previous East of Scotland League Cup finals". Retrieved 12 May 2019. Sources • Bob Crampsey (1990). The First 100 Years. Scottish Football League. ISBN 0-9516433-0-4. External links [ edit ] • Official website • Berwick Rangers • Bo'ness United • Bonnyrigg Rose Athletic • Broomhill • Caledonian Braves • Celtic B • Civil Service Strollers • Cumbernauld Colts • Dalbeattie Star • East Kilbride • East Stirlingshire • Edinburgh University • Gala Fairydean Rovers • Gretna 2008 • Rangers B • The Spartans • University of Stirling • Vale of Leithen Former teams Edit links • Edinburgh city page was last edited on 3 May 2022, at 10:20 (UTC).

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See more • Casks & Closes • 06 May 2022 - 27 May 2022 This May, celebrate International Whisky Month with a dram tasting like no other at The Real Mary King’s Close.

See more • Edinburgh International Children's Festival • 07 May 2022 - 15 May 2022 Celebrating the best of children’s theatre & dance from around the world, Edinburgh International Children's Festival returns with a programme created especially for children & young people. See more • Midstock Festival • 27 May 2022 - 28 May 2022 Midstock is an opportunity to enjoy music, dancing, food and drink across two days within Dalkeith Country Park. See more • The Typewriter Revolution • 01 May 2022 - 11 September 2022 It has revolutionised the world of work – discover more about the impact of the typewriter in this fascinating exhibition at National Museum of Scotland.

See more • StagEHd Festival • 28 May 2022 - 29 May 2022 New, free to attend 2-day festival showcasing homegrown performing arts comes to the Ross Bandstand. See more • Edinburgh Tradfest 2022 • 01 May 2022 - 09 May 2022 Edinburgh Tradfest returns for the 2022 edition with a range of performers and musicians.

See more • National Treasure: The Scottish Modern Arts Association • 21 May 2022 - 16 October 2022 Presented as part of Edinburgh Art Festival 2022, this major exhibition celebrates Scottish art at the dawn of modernism.

See more • Yotties Week • 30 May 2022 - 02 June 2022 Step aboard The Royal Yacht Britannia and meet the Yotties, former Royal Yachtsmen on Her Majesty The Queen’s former floating palace. See more • Edinburgh Marathon Festival • 29 May 2022 Scotland’s largest running festival returns this May with the full and half marathon as well as the team relay. See more • Let’s Rock Scotland • 18 June 2022 The 80’s are back! Experience a blast from the past with Let’s Rock Scotland – The Retro Festival.

See more • The Royal Highland Show • 23 June 2022 - 26 June 2022 Showcasing the best of food, farming and rural life, The Royal Highland Show returns this June to celebrate its 200th anniversary See more • The Mash Up • 03 June 2022 - 05 June 2022 The Mash Up, Edinburgh's first beer and whisky festival arrives this June, featuring a top line up of Scottish brewers and distillers.

See more • The Hop Run 2022 • 11 June 2022 Experience picturesque riverside trails on this 10K trail run with a difference - the finish line is at Stewart Brewing’s HQ! See more • Yotties Week • 01 June 2022 - 02 June 2022 Step aboard The Royal Yacht Britannia and meet the Yotties, former Royal Yachtsmen on Her Majesty The Queen’s former floating palace.

See more • Hidden Door Festival • 09 June 2022 - 18 June 2022 One of Edinburgh’s coolest & most exciting festivals, Hidden Door returns with a bumper programme of music, art, theatre, dance & spoken word.

See more • The Typewriter Revolution edinburgh city 01 June 2022 - 11 September 2022 It has revolutionised the world of work – discover more about the impact of the typewriter in this fascinating exhibition at National Museum of Scotland. See more • National Treasure: The Scottish Modern Arts Association • 01 June 2022 - 16 October 2022 Presented as part of Edinburgh Art Festival 2022, this major exhibition celebrates Scottish art at the dawn of modernism.

See more Sign up to News & Offers Thank you for subscribing to our newsletter. Sorry there was an issue subscribing you to our newsletter. You have already signed up to our newsletter. Fields marked with * are required to be filled in. • Full Name * • Email Address * • Address • Postcode • • Choose Areas of Interest • Latest events, news and offers • Conferences, Meetings and Incentives • Investing and Business in Edinburgh • Edinburgh Film Office • Business Engagement •Location within Europe Show map of Europe Coordinates: 55°57′12″N 03°11′21″W  /  55.95333°N 3.18917°W  / 55.95333; -3.18917 Coordinates: 55°57′12″N 03°11′21″W  /  55.95333°N 3.18917°W  / 55.95333; -3.18917 Sovereign state United Kingdom Country Scotland Council area City of Edinburgh Lieutenancy area Edinburgh Founded Before 7th century AD Burgh Charter 1125 City status 1633 Government UNESCO World Heritage Site Official name The Forth Bridge Criteria Cultural: i, iv Reference 1485 Inscription 2015 (39th Session) Edinburgh ( / ˈ ɛ d ɪ n b ər ə/ ( listen); [8] [9] [10] Edinburgh city Edinburgh; Scottish Gaelic: Dùn Èideann [ˌt̪un ˈeːtʲən̪ˠ]) is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 council areas.

Historically part of the county of Midlothian (interchangeably Edinburghshire before 1921), [11] it is located in Lothian on the southern shore of the Firth of Forth. Edinburgh is Scotland's second-most populous city and the seventh-most populous city in the United Kingdom. Recognised as the capital of Scotland since at least the 15th century, Edinburgh is the seat of the Scottish Government, the Scottish Parliament and edinburgh city highest edinburgh city in Scotland.

The city's Palace of Holyroodhouse is the official residence of the monarch in Scotland. The city has long been a centre of education, particularly in the fields of medicine, Scots law, literature, philosophy, the sciences and engineering. It is the second-largest financial centre in the United Kingdom, and the city's historical and cultural attractions have made it the UK's second-most visited tourist destination attracting 4.9 million visits, including 2.4 million from overseas in 2018. [12] [13] Edinburgh's official population estimates are 506,520 (mid-2016) for the Edinburgh locality, [1] 518,500 (mid-2019) for the City of Edinburgh council area, [2] and 1,339,380 (2014) for the wider city region.

[14] Edinburgh lies at the heart of the Edinburgh and South East Scotland city region comprising East Lothian, Edinburgh, Fife, Midlothian, Scottish Borders and West Lothian.

[15] The city is the annual venue of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland. It is home to national cultural institutions such as the National Museum of Scotland, the National Library of Scotland edinburgh city the Scottish National Gallery. The University of Edinburgh, founded in 1582 and now one of three in the city, is placed 16th in the QS World University Rankings for 2022.

edinburgh city The city is also known for the Edinburgh International Festival and the Fringe, the latter being the world's largest annual international arts festival. Historic sites in Edinburgh include Edinburgh Castle, the Palace of Holyroodhouse, the churches of St. Giles, Greyfriars and the Canongate, and the extensive Georgian New Town built in the 18th/19th centuries. Edinburgh's Old Town and New Town together are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, [17] which has been managed by Edinburgh World Heritage since 1999.

Contents • 1 Etymology • 2 Nicknames • 3 History • 3.1 Early history • 3.2 17th century • 3.3 18th century • 3.4 19th and 20th centuries • 4 Geography edinburgh city 4.1 Cityscape • 4.2 Areas • 4.3 Climate • 5 Demography • 5.1 Current • 5.2 Historical • 5.3 Religion • 6 Economy • 7 Culture • 7.1 Festivals and celebrations • 7.1.1 Edinburgh festival • 7.1.2 Edinburgh's Hogmanay • 7.1.3 Beltane and other festivals • 7.2 Music, theatre and film • 7.3 Media • 7.3.1 Newspapers • 7.3.2 Radio • 7.3.3 Television • 7.4 Museums, libraries and galleries • 7.5 Shopping • 8 Governance • 8.1 Local government • 8.2 Scottish Parliament • 8.3 UK Parliament • 9 Transport • 9.1 Air • 9.2 Buses • 9.3 Railway • 9.4 Trams • 10 Education • 11 Healthcare • 12 Sport • 12.1 Football • 12.1.1 Men's • 12.1.2 Women's • 12.2 Rugby • 12.3 Other sports • 13 People • 14 International relations • 14.1 Twin towns and sister cities • 15 See also • 16 Notes • 17 References • 18 Further reading • 19 External links Etymology [ edit ] Main article: Etymology of Edinburgh "Edin", the root of the city's name, derives from Eidyn, the name for this region in Cumbric, the Brittonic Celtic language formerly spoken there.

The name's meaning is unknown. [18] The district of Eidyn centred on the stronghold Din Eidyn, the dun or hillfort of Eidyn. [18] This stronghold is believed to have been located at Edinburgh city Rock, now the site of Edinburgh Castle.

Eidyn was conquered by the Angles of Bernicia in the 7th century and later occupied by the Scots in the 10th century. [19] As the language shifted to Northumbrian Old English, which evolved into Scots, the Brittonic din in Din Eidyn was replaced by burh, producing Edinburgh.

Similarly, din became dùn in Scottish Gaelic, producing Dùn Èideann. [18] [20] Nicknames [ edit ] Surgeons' Hall, one of the Greek Revival buildings that earned Edinburgh the nickname "Athens of edinburgh city North" The city is affectionately nicknamed Auld Reekie, [21] [22] Scots for Old Smoky, for the views from the country of the smoke-covered Old Town.

A remark on a poem in an 1800 collection of the poems of Allan Ramsay said, "Auld Reeky. A name the country people give Edinburgh from the cloud of smoke or reek that is always impending over it." [23] Thomas Carlyle said, "Smoke cloud hangs over old Edinburgh,—for, ever since Aeneas Silvius's time and earlier, the people have the art, very strange to Aeneas, of burning a certain sort of black stones, and Edinburgh with its chimneys is called 'Auld Reekie' by the country people." [24] A character in Walter Scott's The Abbot says ".

yonder stands Auld Reekie—you may see the smoke hover over her at twenty miles' distance." [25] Robert Chambers who said that the sobriquet could not be traced before the reign of Charles II attributed the name edinburgh city a Fife laird, Durham of Largo, who regulated the bedtime of his children by the smoke rising above Edinburgh from the fires of the tenements.

"It's time now bairns, to tak' the beuks, and gang to our beds, for yonder's Auld Reekie, I see, putting on her nicht -cap!" [26] Edinburgh has been popularly called the Athens of the North from the early 19th century. [27] References to Athens, such as Athens of Britain and Modern Athens, had edinburgh city made as early as the 1760s. The similarities were seen to be topographical but also intellectual. Edinburgh's Castle Rock reminded returning grand tourists of the Athenian Acropolis, as did aspects of the neoclassical architecture and layout of New Town.

[27] Both cities had flatter, fertile agricultural land sloping down to a port several edinburgh city away (respectively Leith and Piraeus). Intellectually, the Scottish Enlightenment with its humanist and rationalist outlook was influenced by Ancient Greek philosophy.

[28] In 1822, artist Hugh William Williams organized an exhibition that showed his paintings of Athens alongside views of Edinburgh, and the idea of a direct parallel between both cities edinburgh city caught the popular imagination.

[29] When plans were drawn up in the early 19th century to architecturally develop Calton Hill, the edinburgh city of the National Monument directly copied Athens' Parthenon. [30] Tom Stoppard's character Archie, of Jumpers, said, perhaps playing on Reykjavík meaning "smoky bay", that the "Reykjavík of the South" would be more appropriate.

[31] The city has also been known by several Latin names such as Edinburgum while the adjectival forms Edinburgensis and Edinensis are used in educational and scientific contexts. [32] [33] Edina is a late 18th century poetical form used by the Scots poets Robert Fergusson and Robert Burns. "Embra" or "Embro" are colloquialisms from the same time, [34] as in Robert Garioch's Embro to the Ploy.

[35] Ben Jonson described it as "Britaine's other eye", [36] and Sir Walter Scott referred to it as "yon Empress of the North". [37] Robert Louis Stevenson, also a son of the city, wrote that Edinburgh edinburgh city what Paris ought to be." [38] History [ edit ] Edinburgh, showing Arthur's Seat, one of the earliest known sites of human habitation in the area The earliest known human habitation in the Edinburgh area was at Edinburgh city, where evidence was found of a Mesolithic camp site dated to c.

8500 BC. [39] Traces of later Bronze Age and Iron Age settlements have been found on Castle Rock, Arthur's Seat, Craiglockhart Hill and the Pentland Hills. [40] When the Romans arrived in Lothian at the end of the 1st century AD, they found a Brittonic Celtic tribe whose name they recorded as the Votadini.

[41] The Votadini transitioned into the Gododdin kingdom in the Early Middle Ages, with Eidyn serving as one of the kingdom's districts. During this period, the Castle Rock site, thought to have been the stronghold of Din Eidyn, emerged as the kingdom's major centre.

[42] The medieval poem Y Gododdin describes a war band from across the Brittonic world who gathered in Eidyn before a fateful raid; this may describe a historical event around AD 600. [43] [44] [45] In 638, the Gododdin stronghold was besieged by forces loyal to King Oswald of Northumbria, and around this time control of Lothian passed to the Angles.

Their influence continued for the next three centuries until around 950, when, during the reign edinburgh city Indulf, son of Constantine II, the "burh" (fortress), named in the 10th-century Pictish Chronicle as oppidum Eden, [46] was edinburgh city to the Scots.

It thenceforth remained, for the most part, under their jurisdiction. [47] The royal burgh was founded edinburgh city King David I in the early 12th century on land belonging to the Crown, though the date of its charter is unknown.

[48] The first documentary evidence of the medieval burgh is a royal charter, c. 1124–1127, by King David I granting a toft in burgo meo de Edenesburg to the Priory of Dunfermline. [49] Edinburgh was largely in English hands from 1291 to 1314 and from 1333 to 1341, during the Wars of Scottish Independence.

When the English invaded Scotland in 1298, King Edward I chose not to enter the English controlled town of Edinburgh but passed by with his army. [50] In the middle of the 14th edinburgh city, the French chronicler Jean Froissart described it as the capital of Scotland (c. 1365), and James III (1451–88) referred to it in the 15th century as "the principal burgh of our kingdom". [51] Despite the destruction caused by an English assault in 1544, the town slowly recovered, [52] and was at the centre of events in the 16th-century Scottish Reformation [53] and 17th-century Wars of the Covenant.

[54] In 1582, Edinburgh's town council was given a royal charter by King James VI permitting the establishment of a university; [55] founded as Tounis College, the institution developed into the University of Edinburgh, which contributed to Edinburgh growing intellectual importance. [56] 17th century [ edit ] Edinburgh, around 1690. In 1603, King James VI of Scotland succeeded to the English throne, uniting the crowns of Scotland and England in a personal union known as the Union of the Crowns, though Scotland remained, in all other respects, a separate kingdom.

[57] In 1638, King Charles I's attempt to introduce Anglican church forms in Scotland encountered stiff Presbyterian opposition culminating in the conflicts of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. [58] Subsequent Scottish support for Charles Stuart's restoration to the throne of England resulted in Edinburgh's occupation by Oliver Cromwell's Commonwealth of England forces – the New Model Army – in 1650. [59] In the 17th century, Edinburgh's boundaries were still defined by the city's defensive town walls.

As a result, the city's growing population was accommodated by increasing the height of the houses. Buildings of 11 storeys or more were common, [60] and have been described as forerunners of the modern-day skyscraper.

[61] [62] Most of these old structures were replaced by the predominantly Victorian buildings seen edinburgh city today's Old Town. In 1611 an act of parliament created the High Constables of Edinburgh to keep order in the city, thought to be the oldest statutory police force in the world.

[63] 18th century [ edit ] A painting showing Edinburgh characters (based on John Kay's caricatures) behind St Giles' Cathedral in the late 18th century Following the Treaty of Union in 1706, the Parliaments of England and Scotland passed Acts of Union in 1706 and 1707 respectively, uniting the two kingdoms in the Kingdom of Great Britain effective from 1 May 1707.

[64] As a consequence, the Parliament of Scotland merged with the Parliament of England to form the Parliament of Great Britain, which sat at Westminster in London.

The Union was opposed by many Scots, resulting in riots in the city. [65] By the first half of the 18th century, Edinburgh was described as one of Europe's most densely populated, overcrowded and unsanitary towns.

[66] [67] Visitors were struck by the fact that the social classes shared the same urban space, even inhabiting the same tenement buildings; although here a form of social segregation did prevail, whereby shopkeepers and tradesmen tended to occupy the cheaper-to-rent cellars and garrets, while the more well-to-do professional classes occupied the more expensive middle storeys. [68] During the Jacobite rising of 1745, Edinburgh was briefly occupied by the Jacobite "Highland Army" before its march into England.

[69] After its eventual defeat at Culloden, there followed a period of reprisals and pacification, largely directed at the rebellious clans. [70] In Edinburgh, the Town Council, keen to emulate London by initiating city improvements and expansion to the north of the castle, [71] reaffirmed its belief in the Union and loyalty to the Hanoverian monarch George III by its choice of names for the streets of the New Town: for example, Rose Street and Thistle Street; and for the royal family, George Street, Queen Street, Hanover Street, Frederick Edinburgh city and Princes Street (in honour of George's two sons).

[72] In the second half of the century, the city was at the heart of the Scottish Enlightenment, [73] when thinkers like David Hume, Adam Smith, James Hutton and Joseph Black were familiar figures in its streets. Edinburgh became a major intellectual centre, earning it the nickname "Athens of the North" because of its many neo-classical buildings and reputation for learning, recalling ancient Athens. [74] In the 18th-century novel The Expedition of Humphry Clinker by Tobias Smollett one character describes Edinburgh as a "hotbed of genius".

edinburgh city Edinburgh was also a major centre for the Scottish book trade. The highly successful London bookseller Andrew Millar was apprenticed there to James McEuen. [76] From the 1770s onwards, the professional and business classes gradually deserted the Old Town in favour of the more elegant "one-family" residences of the New Town, a migration that changed the city's social character.

According to the foremost historian of this development, "Unity of social feeling was one of the most valuable heritages of old Edinburgh, and its disappearance was widely and properly lamented." [77] 19th and 20th centuries [ edit ] Edinburgh, c. 1920 Despite an enduring myth to the contrary, [78] Edinburgh became an industrial centre [79] with its traditional industries of printing, brewing and distilling continuing to grow in the 19th century and joined by new industries such as rubber works, engineering works and others.

By 1821, Edinburgh had been overtaken by Glasgow as Scotland's largest city. [80] The city centre between Princes Street and George Street became a major commercial and shopping district, a development partly stimulated by the arrival of railways in the 1840s. The Old Town became an increasingly dilapidated, overcrowded slum with high mortality rates.

[81] Improvements carried out under Lord Provost William Chambers in the 1860s began the transformation of the area into the predominantly Victorian Old Town seen today.

{INSERTKEYS} [82] More improvements followed in the early 20th century as a result of the work of Patrick Geddes, [83] but relative economic stagnation during the two world wars and beyond saw the Old Town deteriorate further before major slum clearance in the 1960s and 1970s began to reverse the process. University building developments which transformed the George Square and Potterrow areas proved highly controversial.

[84] Since the 1990s a new "financial district", including the Edinburgh International Conference Centre, has grown mainly on demolished railway property to the west of the castle, stretching into Fountainbridge, a run-down 19th-century industrial suburb which has undergone radical change since the 1980s with the demise of industrial and brewery premises. This ongoing development has enabled Edinburgh to maintain its place as the United Kingdom's second largest financial and administrative centre after London.

[85] [86] Financial services now account for a third of all commercial office space in the city. [87] The development of Edinburgh Park, a new business and technology park covering 38 acres (15 ha), 4 mi (6 km) west of the city centre, has also contributed to the District Council's strategy for the city's major economic regeneration. [87] In 1998, the Scotland Act, which came into force the following year, established a devolved Scottish Parliament and Scottish Executive (renamed the Scottish Government since September 2007 [88]).

Both based in Edinburgh, they are responsible for governing Scotland while reserved matters such as defence, foreign affairs and some elements of income tax remain the responsibility of the Parliament of the United Kingdom in London. [89] Geography [ edit ] Cityscape [ edit ] Situated in Scotland's Central Belt, Edinburgh lies on the southern shore of the Firth of Forth.

The city centre is 2 + 1⁄ 2 mi (4.0 km) southwest of the shoreline of Leith and 26 mi (42 km) inland, as the crow flies, from the east coast of Scotland and the North Sea at Dunbar. [90] While the early burgh grew up near the prominent Castle Rock, the modern city is often said to be built on seven hills, namely Calton Hill, Corstorphine Hill, Craiglockhart Hill, Braid Hill, Blackford Hill, Arthur's Seat and the Castle Rock, [91] giving rise to allusions to the seven hills of Rome.

[92] Occupying a narrow gap between the Firth of Forth to the north and the Pentland Hills and their outrunners to the south, the city sprawls over a landscape which is the product of early volcanic activity and later periods of intensive glaciation. [93] : 64–65 Igneous activity between 350 and 400 million years ago, coupled with faulting, led to the creation of tough basalt volcanic plugs, which predominate over much of the area.

[93] : 64–65 One such example is the Castle Rock which forced the advancing ice sheet to divide, sheltering the softer rock and forming a 1 mi-long (1.6 km) tail of material to the east, thus creating a distinctive crag and tail formation. [93] : 64–65 Glacial erosion on the north side of the crag gouged a deep valley later filled by the now drained Nor Loch. These features, along with another hollow on the rock's south side, formed an ideal natural strongpoint upon which Edinburgh Castle was built.

[93] : 64–65 Similarly, Arthur's Seat is the remains of a volcano dating from the Carboniferous period, which was eroded by a glacier moving west to east during the ice age. [93] : 64–65 Erosive action such as plucking and abrasion exposed the rocky crags to the west before leaving a tail of deposited glacial material swept to the east.

[94] This process formed the distinctive Salisbury Crags, a series of teschenite cliffs between Arthur's Seat and the location of the early burgh. [95] The residential areas of Marchmont and Bruntsfield are built along a series of drumlin ridges south of the city centre, which were deposited as the glacier receded. [93] : 64–65 Other prominent landforms such as Calton Hill and Corstorphine Hill are also products of glacial erosion.

[93] : 64–65 The Braid Hills and Blackford Hill are a series of small summits to the south of the city centre that command expansive views looking northwards over the urban area to the Firth of Forth. [93] : 64–65 View of Edinburgh from Blackford Hill Edinburgh is drained by the river named the Water of Leith, which rises at the Colzium Springs in the Pentland Hills and runs for 18 miles (29 km) through the south and west of the city, emptying into the Firth of Forth at Leith.

[96] The nearest the river gets to the city centre is at Dean Village on the north-western edge of the New Town, where a deep gorge is spanned by Thomas Telford's Dean Bridge, built in 1832 for the road to Queensferry.

{/INSERTKEYS}

The Water of Leith Walkway is a mixed-use trail that follows the course of the river for 19.6 km (12.2 mi) from Balerno to Leith. [97] Panorama of Edinburgh from Edinburgh Castle, with the New Town in the centre and Calton Hill to the right Excepting the shoreline of the Firth of Forth, Edinburgh is encircled by a green belt, designated in 1957, which stretches from Dalmeny in the west to Prestongrange in the east. [98] With an average width of 3.2 km (2 mi) the principal objectives of the green belt edinburgh city to contain the outward expansion of the city and to prevent the agglomeration of urban areas.

[98] Expansion affecting the green belt is strictly controlled but developments such as Edinburgh Airport and the Royal Highland Showground at Ingliston lie within the zone. [98] Similarly, suburbs such as Juniper Green and Balerno are situated on green belt land.

[98] One feature of the Edinburgh green belt is the inclusion of parcels of land within the city which are designated green edinburgh city, even though they do not connect edinburgh city the peripheral ring.

Examples of these independent wedges of green belt include Holyrood Park and Corstorphine Hill. [98] Edinburgh Old Town skyline panorama Areas [ edit ] Edinburgh includes former towns and villages that retain much of their original character as settlements in existence before they were absorbed into the expanding city of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. [99] Many areas, such edinburgh city Dalry, contain residences that are edinburgh city buildings known as tenements, although the more southern and western parts of the city have traditionally been less built-up with a greater number of detached and semi-detached villas.

[100] Map edinburgh city the edinburgh city of central Edinburgh The historic centre of Edinburgh is divided in two by the broad green swathe of Princes Street Gardens.

To the south, the view is dominated by Edinburgh Castle, built high on Castle Rock, and the long sweep of the Old Town descending towards Holyrood Palace.

To the north lie Princes Street and the New Town. The West End includes the financial district, with insurance and banking offices as well as the Edinburgh International Conference Centre. Edinburgh's Old and New Towns were listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1995 in recognition of the unique character of the Old Town with its medieval street layout and the planned Georgian New Town, including edinburgh city adjoining Dean Village and Calton Hill areas. Edinburgh city are over 4,500 listed buildings within the city, [17] a higher proportion relative to area than any other city in the United Kingdom.

The castle is perched on top of a rocky crag (the remnant of an extinct volcano) and the Royal Mile runs down the crest of a ridge from it terminating at Holyrood Palace.

Minor streets (called closes or wynds) lie on either side of the main spine forming a herringbone pattern. [101] Due to space restrictions imposed edinburgh city the narrowness of this landform, the Old Town became home to some of the earliest "high rise" residential buildings. Multi-storey dwellings known as lands were the norm from the 16th century onwards with ten and eleven storeys being typical and one even reaching fourteen or fifteen storeys.

[102] Numerous vaults below street level were inhabited to accommodate the influx of incomers, particularly Irish immigrants, during the Industrial Revolution. The street has several fine public buildings such as St Giles' Cathedral, the City Chambers and the Law Courts.

Other places of historical interest nearby are Greyfriars Kirkyard and Mary King's Close. The Grassmarket, running deep below the castle is connected by the steep double terraced Victoria Street. The street layout is typical of the old quarters of many Northern European cities. The New Town was an 18th-century solution to the problem of an increasingly crowded city which had been confined to the ridge sloping down from the castle. In 1766 a competition to design a "New Town" was won by James Craig, a 27-year-old architect.

[103] The plan was a rigid, ordered grid, which fitted in well with Enlightenment ideas of rationality. The principal street was to be George Street, running along the natural ridge to the north of what became known as the "Old Town".

To either side of it are two other main streets: Princes Street and Queen Street. Princes Street has become Edinburgh's main shopping street and now has few of its Georgian buildings in their original state. The three main streets are connected by a series of streets running perpendicular to them. The east and west ends of George Street are terminated by St Andrew Square and Charlotte Square respectively.

The latter, designed by Robert Adam, influenced the architectural style of the New Town into the early 19th century. [104] Bute House, the official residence of the First Minister of Scotland, is on the north side of Charlotte Square.

[105] The hollow between the Old and New Towns was formerly the Nor Loch, which was created for the town's defence but came to be used by the inhabitants for dumping their sewage.

It was drained by the 1820s as part of the city's edinburgh city expansion. Craig's original plan included an ornamental canal on the site of the loch, [72] but this idea was abandoned. [106] Soil excavated while laying the foundations of buildings in the New Town was dumped on the site of the loch to create the slope connecting the Old and New Towns known as The Mound.

In the middle of the 19th century the National Gallery of Scotland and Royal Scottish Academy Building were built on The Mound, and tunnels for the railway line between Haymarket and Waverley stations were driven through it. The Southside is a residential part of the city, which includes the districts of St Leonards, Marchmont, Morningside, Newington, Sciennes, the Grange and Blackford.

The Southside is broadly analogous to the area covered formerly by the Burgh Muir, and was developed as a residential area after the opening of the South Bridge in the 1780s. The Southside is particularly popular with families (many state and private schools are here), young professionals and students (the central University of Edinburgh edinburgh city is based around George Square just north of Marchmont and the Meadows), and Napier University (with major campuses around Merchiston and Morningside).

The area is also well provided with hotel and "bed and breakfast" accommodation for visiting festival-goers. These districts often feature in works of fiction. For example, Church Hill in Morningside, was the home of Muriel Spark's Miss Jean Brodie, [107] and Ian Rankin's Inspector Rebus lives in Marchmont and works in St Leonards.

[108] The Shore, Leith Leith was historically the port of Edinburgh, an arrangement of unknown date that was confirmed by the royal charter Robert the Bruce granted to the city in 1329.

[109] The port developed a separate identity from Edinburgh, which to some extent it still retains, and it was a matter of great resentment when the two burghs edinburgh city in 1920 into the City of Edinburgh. [110] Even today the parliamentary seat is known as "Edinburgh North and Leith". The loss of traditional industries and commerce (the last shipyard closed in 1983) resulted in economic decline.

[111] The Edinburgh Edinburgh city development has transformed old dockland areas edinburgh city Leith to Granton into residential areas with shopping and leisure facilities and helped rejuvenate the area. With the redevelopment, Edinburgh has gained the business of cruise liner companies which now provide cruises to Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, and the Netherlands. The coastal suburb of Portobello is characterised by Georgian villas, Victorian tenements, a beach and promenade and cafés, bars, restaurants and independent shops.

There are rowing and sailing clubs and a restored Victorian swimming pool, including Turkish baths. The urban area of Edinburgh is almost entirely within the City of Edinburgh Council boundary, merging with Musselburgh in East Lothian. Towns within easy reach of the city boundary include Haddington, Tranent, Prestonpans, Dalkeith, Bonnyrigg, Loanhead, Penicuik, Broxburn, Livingston and Dunfermline.

Edinburgh lies at the heart of the Edinburgh & South East Scotland City region with a population in 2014 of 1,339,380. [112] [14] Climate [ edit ] Like most of Scotland, Edinburgh has a cool, temperate, maritime climate which, despite its northerly latitude, is milder than places which lie at similar latitudes such as Moscow and Labrador. [113] The city's proximity to the sea mitigates any large variations in temperature or extremes of climate. Winter daytime temperatures rarely fall below freezing while summer temperatures are moderate, rarely exceeding 22 °C (72 °F).

[113] The highest temperature recorded in the city was 31.6 °C (88.9 °F) on 25 July 2019 [113] at Gogarbank, beating the previous record of 31 °C (88 °F) on 4 August 1975 at Edinburgh Airport. [114] The lowest temperature recorded in recent years was −14.6 °C (5.7 °F) during December 2010 at Gogarbank. [115] Given Edinburgh's position between the edinburgh city and hills, it is renowned as "the windy city", with the prevailing wind direction coming from the south-west, which is often associated with warm, unstable air from the North Atlantic Current that can give rise to rainfall – although considerably less than cities to the west, such as Edinburgh city.

[113] Rainfall is distributed fairly evenly throughout the year. [113] Winds from an easterly direction are usually drier but considerably colder, and may be accompanied by haar, a persistent coastal fog. Vigorous Atlantic depressions, known as European windstorms, can affect the city between October and May. [113] Located slightly north of the city centre, the weather station at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (RBGE) has been an official weather station for the Met Office since 1956.

The Met Office operates its own weather station at Gogarbank on the city's western outskirts, near Edinburgh Airport. [116] This slightly inland station has a slightly wider temperature span between seasons, is cloudier and somewhat wetter, but differences are minor. Temperature and rainfall records have been kept at the Royal Observatory since 1764.

[117] Climate data for Edinburgh ( RBGE), [a] elevation: 23 m (75 ft), edinburgh city normals, extremes 1960–present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 15.0 (59.0) 15.2 (59.4) 20.0 (68.0) 22.8 (73.0) 29.0 (84.2) 27.8 (82.0) 31.6 (88.9) 31.4 (88.5) 26.7 (80.1) 24.4 (75.9) 20.6 (69.1) edinburgh city (59.7) 31.6 edinburgh city Average high °C (°F) 7.3 (45.1) 8.0 (46.4) 9.7 (49.5) 12.2 (54.0) 14.9 (58.8) 17.4 (63.3) 19.3 (66.7) 19.1 (66.4) 16.9 (62.4) 13.4 (56.1) 9.9 (49.8) 7.3 (45.1) 13.0 (55.4) Daily mean °C (°F) 4.5 (40.1) 4.8 (40.6) 6.3 (43.3) 8.4 (47.1) 11.0 (51.8) 13.7 edinburgh city 15.4 (59.7) 15.3 (59.5) 13.3 (55.9) 10.0 (50.0) 6.8 edinburgh city 4.5 (40.1) 9.5 (49.1) Average low °C (°F) 1.7 (35.1) 1.7 (35.1) 2.9 (37.2) 4.7 (40.5) 7.1 (44.8) 9.9 (49.8) 11.6 (52.9) 11.5 (52.7) 9.7 (49.5) 6.7 (44.1) edinburgh city (38.8) 1.6 (34.9) 6.1 (43.0) Record low °C (°F) −15.5 (4.1) −11.7 (10.9) −11.1 (12.0) −6.1 (21.0) −2.4 (27.7) 1.1 (34.0) 4.4 (39.9) 2.2 (36.0) −1.1 (30.0) −3.7 (25.3) −8.3 (17.1) −11.5 (11.3) −15.5 (4.1) Average precipitation mm (inches) 64.7 (2.55) 53.1 (2.09) 48.5 (1.91) 40.8 (1.61) 47.6 (1.87) 66.2 (2.61) 72.1 (2.84) 71.6 (2.82) 54.9 (2.16) 75.7 (2.98) 65.3 (2.57) 67.4 (2.65) 727.7 (28.65) Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 12.4 9.8 9.8 8.6 9.6 10.4 11.5 10.4 9.9 11.7 11.7 12.3 128.3 Mean monthly sunshine hours 55.2 82.2 117.3 157.3 194.7 161.8 169.9 160.0 130.1 99.4 72.1 49.2 1,449.1 Average ultraviolet index 0 1 2 3 5 5 5 5 3 1 1 0 3 Source: Met Office, [118] KNMI [119] and Weather Atlas [120] Climate data for Edinburgh (Gogarbank), [b] elevation: 57 m (187 ft), 1991–2020 normals Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high °C (°F) 6.9 (44.4) 7.5 (45.5) 9.3 (48.7) 12.0 (53.6) 14.9 (58.8) 17.5 (63.5) 19.4 (66.9) 19.2 (66.6) 16.9 (62.4) 13.2 (55.8) 9.5 (49.1) 7.0 (44.6) 12.8 (55.0) Daily mean °C (°F) 4.2 (39.6) 4.6 (40.3) 6.0 (42.8) 8.2 (46.8) 10.8 (51.4) 13.4 (56.1) edinburgh city (59.4) 15.1 (59.2) 13.1 (55.6) 9.8 (49.6) 6.6 (43.9) 4.2 (39.6) 9.3 (48.7) Average low °C (°F) 1.5 (34.7) 1.6 (34.9) 2.7 (36.9) 4.3 (39.7) 6.7 (44.1) edinburgh city (48.9) 11.0 (51.8) 11.0 (51.8) 9.4 (48.9) 6.5 (43.7) 3.6 (38.5) 1.4 (34.5) 5.8 (42.4) Average precipitation mm (inches) 73.0 (2.87) 61.1 (2.41) 52.5 (2.07) 45.9 (1.81) 50.2 (1.98) 68.8 (2.71) 71.9 (2.83) 74.7 (2.94) 55.2 (2.17) 82.7 (3.26) 73.7 (2.90) 74.9 (2.95) 784.3 (30.88) Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 13.3 10.7 10.3 9.2 10.8 11.1 11.4 11.2 10.5 13.0 12.9 13.1 137.4 Mean monthly sunshine hours 47.4 77.5 111.0 147.7 189.5 159.4 160.9 145.7 125.5 94.1 66.9 37.8 1,363.4 Source: Met Office [121] Population density map The most recent official population estimates are 512,150 (2016) for the Edinburgh settlement (includes Musselburgh) [122] and 518,500 (2018) for the local authority area.

[2] Edinburgh has a high proportion of young adults, with 19.5% of the edinburgh city in their 20s (exceeded only by Aberdeen) and 15.2% in their 30s which is the highest in Scotland. The proportion of Edinburgh's population born in the UK fell from 92% to 84% between 2001 and 2011, while the proportion of White Scottish-born fell from 78% to 70%. Of those Edinburgh residents born in the UK, 335,000 or 83% were born in Scotland, with 58,000 or 14% being born in England.

[123] Ethnic group [124] 2001 2011 Number % Number % White: Scottish 354,053 78.9% 334,987 70.2% White: Other British 51,407 11.4% 56,132 11.7% White: Irish 6,470 1.4% 8,603 1.8% White: other 18,439 4.1% 37,445 7.9% White: total 430,369 95.9% 437,167 91.7% Asian: 11,600 2.5% 26,264 5.5% African: 1,285 0.2% 4,474 0.9% Caribbean/Black: 292† <0.1% 1,031 0.2% Mixed/multiple: 2,776†† 0.6% 4,087 0.8% Other non-White: 2,302 0.5% 3,603 0.8% Non-White: total 18,255 4.0% 39,459 8.2% Total 448,624 100.00% 476,626 100.00% † Caribbean as opposed to Caribbean Black †† Previously 'mixed' Some 13,000 people or 2.7% of the city's population are of Polish descent.

39,500 people or 8.2% of Edinburgh's population class themselves as Non-White which is an increase from 4% in 2001. Of the Non-White population, the largest group by far are Asian, totalling 26,264 people. Within the Asian edinburgh city, people of Chinese descent are now the largest sub-group, with 8,076 people, amounting to about 1.7% of the city's total population.

The city's population of Indian descent amounts to 6,470 (1.4% of the total population), while there are some 5,858 of Pakistani descent (1.2% of the total population). Edinburgh city they account for only 1,277 people edinburgh city 0.3% of the city's population, Edinburgh has the highest number and proportion of people of Bangladeshi descent in Scotland.

Over 7,000 people were born in African countries (1.6% of the total population) and nearly 7,000 in the Americas. With the notable exception of Inner London, Edinburgh has a higher number of people born in the United States (over 3,700) than any other city in the UK.

[123] The proportion of people born outside the UK was 15.9% compared with 8% in 2001. Place of birth Estimated resident population (2011) [125] Poland 11,651 India 4,888 Ireland 4,743 Mainland China [A] 4,188 United States 3,700 Germany 3,500 Pakistan 2,472 Australia 2,100 France 2,000 Spain 2,000 South Africa 1,800 Canada 1,800 Hong Kong 1,600 Historical [ edit ] Historical population Year Pop.

±% 1801 82,560 — 1811 102,987 +24.7% 1821 138,235 +34.2% 1831 161,909 +17.1% 1841 166,450 +2.8% 1851 193,929 +16.5% 1901 303,638 +56.6% 1911 320,318 +5.5% 1921 420,264 +31.2% 1931 439,010 +4.5% 1951 466,761 +6.3% Source: [126] A census by the Edinburgh presbytery in 1592 recorded a population of 8,003 adults spread equally north and south of the High Street which runs along the spine of the ridge sloping down from the Castle.

[127] In the 18th and 19th centuries, the population expanded rapidly, rising from 49,000 in 1751 to 136,000 in 1831, primarily due to migration from rural areas. [93] : 9 As the population grew, problems of overcrowding in the Old Town, particularly in the cramped tenements that lined the present day Royal Mile and the Cowgate, were exacerbated. [93] : 9 Poor sanitary arrangements resulted in a high incidence of disease, [93] : 9 with outbreaks of cholera occurring in 1832, 1848 and 1866.

[128] The construction of the New Town from 1767 onwards witnessed the migration of the professional and business classes from the difficult living conditions in the Old Town to the lower density, higher quality surroundings taking shape on land to the north.

[129] Expansion southwards from the Old Town saw more tenements being built in the 19th century, giving rise to Victorian suburbs such as Dalry, Newington, Marchmont and Bruntsfield. [129] Early 20th-century population growth coincided with lower-density suburban development.

As the city expanded to the south and west, detached and semi-detached villas with large gardens replaced tenements as the predominant building style. Nonetheless, the 2001 census revealed that over 55% of Edinburgh's population were still living in tenements or blocks of flats, a figure in line with other Scottish cities, but much higher than other British cities, and even central London.

[130] From the early to mid 20th century, the growth in population, together with slum clearance in the Old Town and other areas, such as Dumbiedykes, Leith, edinburgh city Fountainbridge, led to the creation of new estates such as Stenhouse and Saughton, Craigmillar and Niddrie, Pilton and Muirhouse, Piershill, and Sighthill.

[131] Religion [ edit ] The High Kirk of Edinburgh, also known as St Giles' Cathedral In 2018, the Church of Scotland had 20,956 members in 71 congregations in the Presbytery of Edinburgh.

[132] Its most prominent church is St Giles' on the Royal Mile, first dedicated in 1243 but believed to date from before the 12th century. [133] Saint Giles is historically the patron saint of Edinburgh. [134] St Cuthbert's, situated at the west end of Princes Street Gardens in the shadow of Edinburgh Castle and St Giles' can lay claim to being the oldest Christian sites in the city, [135] though the present St Cuthbert's, designed by Hippolyte Blanc, was dedicated in 1894.

[136] Other Church of Scotland churches include Greyfriars Kirk, the Canongate Kirk, St Andrew's and St George's West Church and the Barclay Church. The Church of Scotland Offices are in Edinburgh, [137] as is the Assembly Hall where the annual General Assembly is held. [138] The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of St Andrews and Edinburgh has 27 parishes across the city.

[139] The Archbishop of St Andrews and Edinburgh has his official residence in Greenhill, [140] and the diocesan offices are in nearby Marchmont. [141] The Diocese of Edinburgh of the Scottish Episcopal Church has over 50 churches, half of them in the city. [142] Its centre is the late 19th-century Gothic style St Mary's Cathedral in the West End's Palmerston Place. [143] Orthodox Christianity is represented by Pan, Romanian and Russian Orthodox churches.

There are several independent churches in the city, both Catholic and Protestant, including Charlotte Chapel, Carrubbers Christian Centre, Bellevue Chapel and Sacred Heart.

[144] There are also churches belonging to Quakers, Christadelphians, [145] Seventh-day Adventists, Church of Christ, Scientist, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and Elim Pentecostal Church. Muslims have several places of worship across the city.

Edinburgh Central Mosque, the largest Islamic place of worship, is located in Potterrow on the city's Southside, near Bristo Square. Construction was largely financed by a gift from King Fahd of Saudi Arabia [146] and was completed in 1998. [147] There is also an Ahmadiyya Muslim community.

[148] The first edinburgh city presence of a Jewish community in Edinburgh dates back to the late 18th century. [149] Edinburgh's Orthodox synagogue, opened in 1932, is in Salisbury Road and can accommodate a congregation of 2000. A Liberal Jewish congregation also meets in the city. A Sikh gurdwara and a Hindu mandir are located in Leith. [150] [151] The city also has a Brahma Kumaris centre in the Polwarth area. [152] The Edinburgh Buddhist Centre, run by the Triratna Buddhist Community, formerly situated in Melville Terrace, now runs sessions at the Healthy Life Centre, Bread Street.

[153] Other Buddhist traditions are represented by groups which meet in the capital: the Community of Interbeing (followers of Thich Nhat Hanh), Rigpa, Samye Dzong, Theravadin, Pure Land and Shambala. There is a Sōtō Zen Priory in Portobello [154] and a Theravadin Thai Buddhist Monastery in Slateford Road. [155] Edinburgh is home to a Baháʼí community, [156] and a Theosophical Society meets in Great King Street.

[157] Edinburgh has an Inter-Faith Association. edinburgh city Edinburgh has over 39 graveyards and cemeteries, many of which are listed and of historical character, including several former church burial grounds. [159] Examples include Old Calton Burial Ground, Greyfriars Kirkyard and Dean Cemetery. [160] [161] [162] Economy [ edit ] The Bank of Scotland's head office in central Edinburgh Edinburgh has the strongest economy of any city in the United Kingdom outside London and the highest percentage of professionals in the UK with 43% of the population holding a degree-level or professional qualification.

[163] According to the Centre for International Competitiveness, it is the most competitive large city in the United Kingdom. [164] It also has the highest gross value added per employee of any city in the UK outside London, measuring £57,594 in 2010.

[165] It was named European Best Large City of the Future for Foreign Direct Investment and Best Large City for Foreign Direct Investment Strategy in the Financial TimesfDi magazine awards 2012/13.

In edinburgh city 19th century, Edinburgh's economy was known for banking and insurance, publishing and printing, and brewing and distilling. Today, its economy is based mainly on financial services, scientific edinburgh city, higher education, and tourism.

[166] In March 2010, unemployment in Edinburgh was comparatively low at 3.6%, and it remains consistently below the Scottish average of 4.5%. [167] Edinburgh is the second most visited city by foreign visitors in the UK after London. Banking has been a mainstay of the Edinburgh economy for over 300 years, since the Bank of Scotland was established by an act of the Scottish Parliament in 1695.

Today, the financial services industry, with its particularly strong insurance and investment sectors, and underpinned by Edinburgh-based firms such as Scottish Widows and Standard Life Aberdeen, accounts for the city being the UK's second financial centre after London and Europe's fourth in terms of equity assets.

[168] The NatWest Group (formerly Royal Bank of Scotland Group) opened new global headquarters at Gogarburn in the west of the city in October 2005. The city is home to the headquarters of Bank of Scotland, Sainsbury's Bank, [169] Tesco Bank, [170] and TSB Bank.

Edinburgh Park Tourism is also an important element in the city's economy. As a World Heritage Site, tourists visit historical sites such as Edinburgh Castle, the Palace of Holyroodhouse and the Old and New Towns. Their numbers are augmented in August each year during the Edinburgh Festivals, which attracts 4.4 million visitors, [167] and generates over £100m for the local economy.

[171] As the centre of Scotland's government and legal system, the public sector plays a central role in Edinburgh's economy. Many departments of the Scottish Government are in the city. Other major employers include NHS Scotland and local government administration.

[166] When the £1.3bn Edinburgh & South East Scotland City Region Deal [172] was signed in 2018, the region's Gross Value Added (GVA) contribution to the Edinburgh city economy was cited as £33bn, or 33% of the country's output. The City Region Deal funds a range of "Data Driven Innovation" hubs which are using data to innovate in the region, recognising the region’s strengths in technology and data science, the growing importance of the data economy, and the need to tackle the digital skills gap, as a route to social and economic prosperity.

[173] [174] [175] Culture [ edit ] Festivals and celebrations [ edit ] Edinburgh festival [ edit ] Main article: List of Edinburgh festivals The city hosts a series of festivals that run between the end of July and early September each year. The best known of these events are the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, the Edinburgh International Festival, the Edinburgh Military Tattoo, the Edinburgh Art Festival and the Edinburgh International Book Festival.

[176] Pipers emerging from Edinburgh Castle during the Edinburgh Military Tattoo The longest established of these festivals is the Edinburgh International Festival, which was first held in 1947 [177] and consists mainly of a programme of high-profile theatre productions and classical music performances, featuring international directors, conductors, theatre companies and orchestras.

[178] This has since been overtaken in size by the Edinburgh Fringe which began as a programme of marginal acts alongside the "official" Festival and has become the world's largest performing arts festival. In 2017, nearly 3400 different shows were staged in 300 venues across the city. [179] [180] Comedy has become one of the mainstays of the Fringe, with numerous well-known comedians getting their first 'break' there, often by being chosen to receive the Edinburgh Comedy Award.

[181] The Edinburgh city Military Tattoo, occupies the Castle Esplanade every night for three weeks each August, with massed pipe bands and edinburgh city bands drawn from around the world. Performances end with a short fireworks display.

As well as the summer festivals, many other festivals are held during the rest of the year, including the Edinburgh International Film Festival [182] and Edinburgh International Science Festival. [183] The summer of 2020 was the first time in its 70-year history that the Edinburgh festival was not run, being cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. [184] This affected many of the tourist-focused businesses in Edinburgh which depend on the various festivals over summer to return an annual profit.

[185] Edinburgh city Hogmanay [ edit ] A Viking longship being burnt during Edinburgh's annual Hogmanay celebrations The annual Edinburgh Hogmanay celebration was originally an informal street party focused on the Tron Kirk in the Old Town's High Street. Since 1993, it has been officially organised with the focus moved to Princes Street. In 1996, over 300,000 people attended, leading to ticketing of the main street party in later years up to a limit of 100,000 tickets.

[186] Hogmanay now covers four days of processions, concerts and fireworks, with the street party beginning on Hogmanay. Alternative tickets are available for entrance into the Princes Street Gardens concert and Cèilidh, where well-known edinburgh city perform and ticket holders can participate in traditional Scottish cèilidh dancing.

The event attracts thousands of people from all over the world. [186] Beltane and other festivals [ edit ] On the night of 30 April the Beltane Fire Festival takes place on Calton Hill, involving a procession followed by scenes inspired by pagan old spring fertility edinburgh city.

[187] At the edinburgh city of October each year the Dussehra Hindu Festival is also held on Calton Hill. [188] Music, theatre and film [ edit ] Edinburgh Festival Theatre Outside the Festival season, Edinburgh supports several theatres and production companies.

The Royal Lyceum Theatre has its own company, while the King's Theatre, Edinburgh Festival Theatre and Edinburgh Playhouse stage large touring shows. The Traverse Theatre presents a more contemporary repertoire. Amateur theatre edinburgh city productions are staged at the Bedlam Theatre, Church Hill Theatre and King's Theatre among others. [189] The Usher Hall is Edinburgh's premier venue for classical music, as well as occasional popular music concerts. [190] It was the venue for the Eurovision Song Contest 1972.

Other halls staging music and theatre include The Hub, the Assembly Rooms and the Queen's Hall. The Scottish Chamber Orchestra is based in Edinburgh. [191] Traverse Theatre Edinburgh has two repertory cinemas, the Edinburgh Filmhouse and The Cameo, as well as the independent Dominion Cinema and a range of multiplexes.

[192] Edinburgh has a healthy popular music scene. Occasionally large concerts are staged at Murrayfield and Meadowbank, while mid-sized events take place at smaller venues such as 'The Edinburgh city Exchange', 'The Liquid Rooms' and 'The Bongo Club'.

In 2010, PRS for Music listed Edinburgh among the UK's top ten 'most musical' cities. [193] Several city pubs are well known for their live performances of folk music.

They include 'Sandy Bell's' in Forrest Road, 'Captain's Bar' in South College Street and 'Whistlebinkies' in South Bridge. Like many other cities in the UK, numerous nightclub venues host Electronic dance music events.

[194] Edinburgh is home to a flourishing group of contemporary composers such as Nigel Osborne, Peter Nelson, Lyell Cresswell, Hafliði Hallgrímsson, Edward Harper, Robert Crawford, Robert Dow and John McLeod.

McLeod's music is heard regularly on BBC Radio 3 and throughout the UK. [195] Media [ edit ] Newspapers [ edit ] The main local newspaper is the Edinburgh Evening News. It is owned and published alongside its sister titles The Scotsman and Scotland on Sunday by JPIMedia.

[196] Radio [ edit ] The city has two commercial radio stations: Forth 1, a station which broadcasts mainstream chart music, and Forth 2 on medium wave which plays classic hits. [197] Capital Radio Scotland and Edinburgh city Sports Radio also have transmitters covering Edinburgh. Along with the UK national radio stations, Radio Scotland and the Gaelic language service BBC Radio nan Gàidheal are also broadcast. DAB digital radio is broadcast over two local multiplexes. BFBS Radio broadcasts from studios on the base at Dreghorn Barracks across the city on 98.5FM as part of its UK Bases network Television [ edit ] Television, along with most radio services, is broadcast to the city from the Craigkelly transmitting station situated in Fife on the opposite side of the Firth of Forth [198] and the Black Hill transmitting station in North Lanarkshire to the west.

There are no television stations based in the city.

Edinburgh Television existed in the late 1990s to early 2003 [199] and STV Edinburgh existed from 2015 to 2018. [200] [201] Museums, libraries and galleries [ edit ] National Gallery of Scotland Edinburgh has many museums and libraries. These include the National Museum of Scotland, the National Library of Scotland, National War Museum, the Museum of Edinburgh, Surgeons' Hall Museum, the Writers' Museum, the Museum of Childhood and Dynamic Earth.

The Museum on The Mound has exhibits on money and banking. [202] Edinburgh Zoo, covering 82 acres (33 ha) on Corstorphine Hill, is the second most visited paid tourist attraction in Scotland, [203] and home to two giant pandas, Tian Tian and Yang Guang, on loan from the People's Republic of China. Edinburgh is also home to The Royal Yacht Britannia, decommissioned in 1997 and now a five-star visitor attraction and evening events venue permanently berthed at Ocean Terminal.

Edinburgh contains Scotland's three National Galleries of Art as well as numerous smaller art galleries. [204] The national collection is housed in the Scottish National Gallery, located on The Mound, comprising the linked National Gallery of Scotland building and the Royal Scottish Academy building.

Contemporary collections are shown in the Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art which occupies a split site at Belford. The Scottish National Portrait Gallery on Queen Street focuses on portraits and photography.

National Museum of Scotland The council-owned City Art Centre in Market Street mounts regular art exhibitions. Across the road, The Fruitmarket Gallery offers world-class exhibitions of contemporary art, featuring work by British and international artists with both emerging and established international reputations. [205] The city hosts several of Scotland's edinburgh city and organisations dedicated to contemporary visual art.

Significant strands of this infrastructure include Creative Scotland, Edinburgh College of Art, Talbot Rice Gallery (University of Edinburgh), Collective Gallery (based at the City Observatory) and the Edinburgh Annuale. There are also many small private shops/galleries that provide space to showcase works from local artists. [206] Shopping [ edit ] The locale around Edinburgh city Street is the main shopping area in the city centre, with souvenir shops, chain stores such as Boots the Chemist, Edinburgh Woollen Mill, H&M and Jenners.

[207] George Street, north of Princes Street, is the preferred location for some upmarket shops and independent stores. [207] At the east end of Princes Street, the redeveloped St James Quarter opened its doors in June 2021, [208] while next to the Balmoral Hotel and Waverley Station is the Waverley Mall.

Multrees Walk, adjacent to the St. James Centre, is a recent addition to the central shopping district, dominated by the presence of Harvey Nichols. Shops here include Louis Vuitton, Mulberry and Calvin Klein.

[207] Edinburgh also has substantial retail parks outside the city edinburgh city. These include The Gyle Shopping Centre and Hermiston Gait in the west of the city, Cameron Toll Shopping Centre, Straiton Retail Park (actually just outside the city, in Midlothian) and Fort Kinnaird in the south and east, and Ocean Terminal in the north on the Leith waterfront.

[209] Governance [ edit ] Main article: City of Edinburgh Council Following local government reorganisation in 1996, the City of Edinburgh Council constitutes one of the 32 council areas of Scotland.

[210] Like all other edinburgh city authorities of Scotland, the council has powers over most matters of local administration such as housing, planning, local transport, parks, economic development and regeneration.

{INSERTKEYS} [211] The council comprises 58 elected councillors, returned from 17 multi-member electoral wards in the city. [212] Following the 2007 City of Edinburgh Council election the incumbent Labour Party lost majority control of the council after 23 years to a Liberal Democrat/ SNP coalition. [213] The 2012 City of Edinburgh Council election saw a Scottish Labour/SNP coalition.

The 2017 City of Edinburgh Council election, saw a continuation of this administration, but with the SNP as the largest party. The city's coat of arms was registered by the Lord Lyon King of Arms in 1732. [214] Scottish Parliament [ edit ] Main article: Scottish Parliament Edinburgh, like all of Scotland, is represented in the Scottish Parliament, situated in the Holyrood area of the city.

For electoral purposes, the city is divided into six constituencies which, along with 3 seats outside of the city, form part of the Lothian region.

[215] Each constituency elects one Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) by the first past the post system of election, and the region elects seven additional MSPs to produce a result based on a form of proportional representation. [215] As of the 2016 election, the Scottish National Party have three MSPs: Ash Denham for Edinburgh Eastern, Ben Macpherson for Edinburgh Northern and Leith and Gordon MacDonald for Edinburgh Pentlands constituencies.

Alex Cole-Hamilton of the Scottish Liberal Democrats represents Edinburgh Western, Daniel Johnson of the Scottish Labour Party represents Edinburgh Southern constituency, and former Leader of the Scottish Conservative Party, Ruth Davidson represents the Edinburgh Central constituency.

In addition, the city is also represented by seven regional MSPs representing the Lothian electoral region: The Conservatives have three regional MSPs: Jeremy Balfour, Miles Briggs and Gordon Lindhurst, Labour have two regional MSPs: Sarah Boyack and Neil Findlay, Scottish Greens have one regional MSP: Alison Johnstone and there is one independent MSP: Andy Wightman (elected as a Scottish Green). Main article: Parliament of the United Kingdom Edinburgh is also represented in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom by five Members of Parliament.

The city is divided into Edinburgh North and Leith, Edinburgh East, Edinburgh South, Edinburgh South West, and Edinburgh West, [216] each constituency electing one member by the first past the post system. Edinburgh is represented by three MPs affiliated with the Scottish National Party, one Liberal Democrat MP in Edinburgh West and one Labour MP in Edinburgh South. A Lothian Bus on North Bridge Air [ edit ] Edinburgh Airport is Scotland's busiest airport and the principal international gateway to the capital, handling over 14.7 million passengers; it was also the sixth-busiest airport in the United Kingdom by total passengers in 2019.

[217] [218] In anticipation of rising passenger numbers, the former operator of the airport BAA outlined a draft masterplan in 2011 to provide for the expansion of the airfield and the terminal building. In June 2012, Global Infrastructure Partners purchased the airport for £807 million. [219] The possibility of building a second runway to cope with an increased number of aircraft movements has also been mooted. [220] Buses [ edit ] Travel in Edinburgh is undertaken predominantly by bus. Lothian Buses, the successor company to Edinburgh Corporation Transport Department, operate the majority of city bus services within the city and to surrounding suburbs, with the most routes running via Princes Street.

Services further afield operate from the Edinburgh Bus Station off St Andrew Square and Waterloo Place and are operated mainly by Stagecoach East Scotland, Scottish Citylink, National Express Coaches and Borders Buses. Lothian Buses also operates all of the city's branded public tour buses, night bus service and airport bus link. [221] In 2019, Lothian Buses recorded 124.2 million passenger journeys. [222] To tackle traffic congestion, Edinburgh is now served by six park and ride sites on the periphery of the city at Sheriffhall (in Midlothian), Ingliston, Riccarton, Inverkeithing (in Fife), Newcraighall and Straiton (in Midlothian).

A referendum of Edinburgh residents in February 2005 rejected a proposal to introduce congestion charging in the city. [223] Railway [ edit ] A train preparing to depart from Edinburgh Waverley Station Edinburgh Waverley is the second-busiest railway station in Scotland, with only Glasgow Central handling more passengers. On the evidence of passenger entries and exits between April 2015 and March 2016, Edinburgh Waverley is the fifth-busiest station outside London; it is also the UK's second biggest station in terms of the number of platforms and area size.

[224] Waverley is the terminus for most trains arriving from London King's Cross and the departure point for many rail services within Scotland operated by ScotRail. To the west of the city centre lies Haymarket station, which is an important commuter stop.

Opened in 2003, Edinburgh Park station serves the Gyle business park in the west of the city and the nearby Gogarburn headquarters of the Royal Bank of Scotland. The Edinburgh Crossrail route connects Edinburgh Park with Haymarket, Edinburgh Waverley and the suburban stations of Brunstane and Newcraighall in the east of the city. [225] There are also commuter lines to South Gyle and Dalmeny, the latter serving South Queensferry by the Forth Bridges, and to Wester Hailes and Curriehill in the south-west of the city.

Trams [ edit ] Edinburgh Trams in Shandwick Place Edinburgh Trams became operational on 31 May 2014. The city had been without a tram system since Edinburgh Corporation Tramways ceased on 16 November 1956. [226] Following parliamentary approval in 2007, construction began in early 2008.

The first stage of the project was expected to be completed by July 2011 [227] but, following delays caused by extra utility work and a long-running contractual dispute between the council and the main contractor, Bilfinger SE, the project was rescheduled.

[228] [229] [230] The completed line is 8.7 mi (14.0 km) in length, running from Edinburgh Airport, west of the city, to its terminus at York Place in the city centre's East End. It was originally planned to continue down Leith Walk to Ocean Terminal and terminate at Newhaven. Should the original plan be taken to completion, trams will also run from Haymarket through Ravelston and Craigleith to Granton Square on the Waterfront Edinburgh.

[231] Long-term proposals envisage a line running west from the airport to Ratho and Newbridge and another connecting Granton Square to Newhaven via Lower Granton Road, thus completing the Line 1 (North Edinburgh) loop. [232] A further line serving the south of the city has also been suggested. New College of the University of Edinburgh There are three universities in Edinburgh: the University of Edinburgh, Heriot-Watt University and Edinburgh Napier University.

Established by royal charter in 1583, the University of Edinburgh is one of Scotland's ancient universities and is the fourth oldest in the country after St Andrews, Glasgow and Aberdeen. [234] Originally centred on Old College the university expanded to premises on The Mound, the Royal Mile and George Square. [234] Today, the King's Buildings in the south of the city contain most of the schools within the College of Science and Engineering.

In 2002, the medical school moved to purpose built accommodation adjacent to the new Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh at Little France. The university is placed 16th in the QS World University Rankings for 2022. [16] Heriot-Watt University is based at the Riccarton campus in the west of Edinburgh. Originally established in 1821, as the world's first mechanics' institute, it was granted university status by royal charter in 1966.

It has other campuses in the Scottish Borders, Orkney, United Arab Emirates and Putrajaya in Malaysia. It takes the name Heriot-Watt from Scottish inventor James Watt and Scottish philanthropist and goldsmith George Heriot. Heriot-Watt University has been named International University of the Year by The Times and Sunday Times Good University Guide 2018. In the latest Research Excellence Framework, it was ranked overall in the Top 25% of UK universities and 1st in Scotland for research impact.

Edinburgh Napier University was originally founded as the Napier College, which was renamed Napier Polytechnic in 1986 and gained university status in 1992. [235] Edinburgh Napier University has campuses in the south and west of the city, including the former Merchiston Tower and Craiglockhart Hydropathic. [235] It is home to the Screen Academy Scotland. Queen Margaret University was located in Edinburgh before it moved to a new campus just outside the city boundary on the edge of Musselburgh in 2008.

[236] Until 2012, further education colleges in the city included Jewel and Esk College (incorporating Leith Nautical College founded in 1903), Telford College, opened in 1968, and Stevenson College, opened in 1970.

These have now been amalgamated to form Edinburgh College. Scotland's Rural College also has a campus in south Edinburgh. Other institutions include the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh and the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh which were established by royal charter in 1506 and 1681 respectively. The Trustees Drawing Academy of Edinburgh, founded in 1760, became the Edinburgh College of Art in 1907.

[237] There are 18 nursery, 94 primary and 23 secondary schools administered by the City of Edinburgh Council. [238] Edinburgh is home to The Royal High School, one of the oldest schools in the country and the world. The city also has several independent, fee-paying schools including Edinburgh Academy, Fettes College, George Heriot's School, George Watson's College, Merchiston Castle School, Stewart's Melville College and The Mary Erskine School. In 2009, the proportion of pupils attending independent schools was 24.2%, far above the Scottish national average of just over 7% and higher than in any other region of Scotland.

[239] In August 2013, the City of Edinburgh Council opened the city's first stand-alone Gaelic primary school, Bun-sgoil Taobh na Pàirce. [240] Healthcare [ edit ] See also: List of hospitals in Edinburgh The main NHS Lothian hospitals serving the Edinburgh area are the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, which includes the University of Edinburgh Medical School, and the Western General Hospital, [241] which has a large cancer treatment centre and nurse-led Minor Injuries Clinic.

[242] The Royal Edinburgh Hospital in Morningside specialises in mental health. The Royal Hospital for Sick Children, colloquially referred to as the Sick Kids, is a specialist paediatrics hospital. There are two private hospitals: Murrayfield Hospital in the west of the city and Shawfair Hospital in the south; both are owned by Spire Healthcare.

[241] Sport [ edit ] Football [ edit ] Men's [ edit ] Edinburgh has three football clubs that play in the Scottish Professional Football League (SPFL): Heart of Midlothian, founded in 1874, Hibernian, founded in 1875 and Edinburgh City, founded in 1966.

Heart of Midlothian and Hibernian are known locally as "Hearts" and "Hibs", respectively. Both play in the Scottish Premiership. [243] They are the oldest city rivals in Scotland and the Edinburgh derby is one of the oldest derby matches in world football. Both clubs have won the Scottish league championship four times.

Hearts have won the Scottish Cup eight times and the Scottish League Cup four times. Hibs have won the Scottish Cup and the Scottish League Cup three times each.

Edinburgh City were promoted to Scottish League Two in the 2015–16 season, becoming the first club to win promotion to the SPFL via the pyramid system playoffs.

Edinburgh was also home to four other former Scottish Football League clubs: the original Edinburgh City (founded in 1928), Leith Athletic, Meadowbank Thistle and St Bernard's. Meadowbank Thistle played at Meadowbank Stadium until 1995, when the club moved to Livingston and became Livingston F.C. The Scottish national team has very occasionally played at Easter Road and Tynecastle, although its normal home stadium is Hampden Park in Glasgow. St Bernard's' New Logie Green was used to host the 1896 Scottish Cup Final, the only time the match has been played outside Glasgow.

[244] The city also plays host to Lowland Football League clubs Civil Service Strollers, Edinburgh University and Spartans, as well as East of Scotland League clubs Craigroyston, Edinburgh United, Heriot-Watt University, Leith Athletic, Lothian Thistle Hutchison Vale, and Tynecastle. Women's [ edit ] In women's football, Hearts, Hibs and Spartans play in the SWPL 1. [245] Hutchison Vale and Boroughmuir Thistle play in the SWPL 2. {/INSERTKEYS}

{INSERTKEYS} [246] Rugby [ edit ] The Scotland national rugby union team play at Murrayfield Stadium, and the professional Edinburgh Rugby team play at the nextdoor Edinburgh Rugby Stadium; both are owned by the Scottish Rugby Union and are also used for other events, including music concerts. Murrayfield is the largest capacity stadium in Scotland, seating 67,144 spectators.

[247] Edinburgh is also home to Scottish Premiership teams Boroughmuir RFC, Currie RFC, the Edinburgh Academicals, Heriot's Rugby Club and Watsonians RFC. [248] The Edinburgh Academicals ground at Raeburn Place was the location of the world's first international rugby game on 27 March 1871, between Scotland and England.

[249] Rugby league is represented by the Edinburgh Eagles who play in the Rugby League Conference Scotland Division. Murrayfield Stadium has hosted the Magic Weekend where all Super League matches are played in the stadium over one weekend.

• Murrayfield Ice Rink Other sports [ edit ] The Scottish cricket team, which represents Scotland internationally, play their home matches at the Grange cricket club. [250] The Murrayfield Racers are the latest of a succession of ice hockey clubs in the Scottish capital.

Previously Edinburgh was represented by the Edinburgh Capitals (who folded in 2018), the original Murrayfield Racers (who folded in 1996) and the Edinburgh Racers. The club play their home games at the Murrayfield Ice Rink and have competed in the eleven-team professional Scottish National League (SNL) since the 2018–19 season.

[251] Next door to Murrayfield Ice Rink is a 7-sheeter dedicated curling facility where curling is played from October to March each season. Caledonia Pride are the only women's professional basketball team in Scotland.

Established in 2016, the team compete in the UK wide Women's British Basketball League and play their home matches at the Oriam National Performance Centre. Edinburgh also has several men's basketball teams within the Scottish National League. Boroughmuir Blaze, City of Edinburgh Kings and Edinburgh Lions all compete in Division 1 of the National League, and Pleasance B.C. compete in Division 2. The Edinburgh Diamond Devils is a baseball club which won its first Scottish Championship in 1991 as the "Reivers." 1992 saw the team repeat the achievement, becoming the first team to do so in league history.

The same year saw the start of their first youth team, the Blue Jays. The club adopted its present name in 1999. [252] Edinburgh has also hosted national and international sports events including the World Student Games, the 1970 British Commonwealth Games, [253] the 1986 Commonwealth Games [253] and the inaugural 2000 Commonwealth Youth Games.

[254] For the 1970 Games the city built Olympic standard venues and facilities including Meadowbank Stadium and the Royal Commonwealth Pool. The Pool underwent refurbishment in 2012 and hosted the Diving competition in the 2014 Commonwealth Games which were held in Glasgow.

[255] In American football, the Scottish Claymores played WLAF/ NFL Europe games at Murrayfield, including their World Bowl 96 victory. From 1995 to 1997 they played all their games there, from 1998 to 2000 they split their home matches between Murrayfield and Glasgow's Hampden Park, then moved to Glasgow full-time, with one final Murrayfield appearance in 2002.

[256] The city's most successful non-professional team are the Edinburgh Wolves who play at Meadowbank Stadium. [257] The Edinburgh Marathon has been held annually in the city since 2003 with more than 16,000 runners taking part on each occasion.

[258] Its organisers have called it "the fastest marathon in the UK" due to the elevation drop of 40 m (130 ft). [259] The city also organises a half-marathon, as well as 10 km (6.2 mi) and 5 km (3.1 mi) races, including a 5 km (3 mi) race on 1 January each year.

Edinburgh has a speedway team, the Edinburgh Monarchs, which, since the loss of its stadium in the city, has raced at the Lothian Arena in Armadale, West Lothian. The Monarchs have won the Premier League championship five times in their history, in 2003 [260] and again in 2008, [261] 2010, 2014 and 2015. People [ edit ] Sir Walter Scott Edinburgh has a long literary tradition, which became especially evident during the Scottish Enlightenment.

This heritage and the city's lively literary life in the present led to it being declared the first UNESCO City of Literature in 2004. [262] [263] Prominent authors who have lived in Edinburgh include the economist Adam Smith, born in Kirkcaldy and author of The Wealth of Nations, [264] James Boswell, biographer of Samuel Johnson; Sir Walter Scott, creator of the historical novel and author of works such as Rob Roy, Ivanhoe, and Heart of Midlothian; James Hogg, author of The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner; Robert Louis Stevenson, creator of Treasure Island, Kidnapped, and The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde; Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, the creator of Sherlock Holmes; Muriel Spark, author of The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie; Irvine Welsh, author of Trainspotting, whose novels are mostly set in the city and often written in colloquial Scots; [265] Ian Rankin, author of the Inspector Rebus series of crime thrillers, Alexander McCall Smith, author of the No.

1 Ladies' Detective Agency series, [266] and J. K. Rowling, author of Harry Potter, who wrote much of her first book in Edinburgh coffee shops and now lives in the Cramond area of the city.

[267] Statue of James Clerk Maxwell, George Street, Edinburgh Scotland has a rich history of science and engineering, with Edinburgh producing a number of leading figures. John Napier, inventor of logarithms, was born in Merchiston Tower and lived and died in the city. [268] His house now forms part of the original campus of Napier University which was named in his honour. He lies buried under St. Cuthbert's Church. James Clerk Maxwell, founder of the modern theory of electromagnetism, was born at 14 India Street (now the home of the James Clerk Maxwell Foundation) and educated at the Edinburgh Academy and the University of Edinburgh, [264] as was the engineer and telephone pioneer Alexander Graham Bell.

[264] James Braidwood, who organised Britain's first municipal fire brigade, was also born in the city and began his career there. Other names connected with the city include physicist Max Born, a principle founder of Quantum mechanics and Nobel laureate; [269] Charles Darwin, the biologist who propounded the theory of natural selection; [264] David Hume, philosopher, economist and historian; [264] James Hutton, regarded as the "Father of Geology"; [264] Joseph Black, the chemist who discovered Magnesium and Carbon Dioxide, and one of the founders of Thermodynamics; [264] pioneering medical researchers Joseph Lister and James Young Simpson; [264] chemist and discoverer of the element nitrogen Daniel Rutherford; Colin Maclaurin, mathematician and developer of the Maclaurin series, [270] and Ian Wilmut, the geneticist involved in the cloning of Dolly the sheep just outside Edinburgh, at the Roslin Institute.

[264] The stuffed carcass of Dolly the sheep is now on display in the National Museum of Scotland. [271] The latest in a long line of science celebrities associated with the city is theoretical physicist, Nobel laureate and Professor Emeritus at the University of Edinburgh Peter Higgs, born in Newcastle but resident in Edinburgh for most of his academic career, after whom the Higgs boson particle has been named. [272] Deacon Brodie on Edinburgh's Royal Mile Edinburgh has been the birthplace of actors like Alastair Sim and Sir Sean Connery, known for being the first cinematic James Bond, [273] the comedian and actor Ronnie Corbett, best known as one of The Two Ronnies, [274] and the impressionist Rory Bremner.

Famous artists from the city include the portrait painters Sir Henry Raeburn, Sir David Wilkie and Allan Ramsay. The city has produced or been home to some very successful musicians in recent decades, particularly Ian Anderson, front man of the band Jethro Tull, The Incredible String Band, the folk duo The Corries, Wattie Buchan, lead singer and founding member of punk band The Exploited, Shirley Manson, lead singer of the band Garbage, the Bay City Rollers, The Proclaimers, Boards of Canada and Idlewild.

Greyfriars Bobby Fountain Edinburgh is the birthplace of former British Prime Minister Tony Blair who attended the city's Fettes College. [275] Notorious criminals from Edinburgh's past include Deacon Brodie, head of a trades guild and Edinburgh city councillor by day but a burglar by night, who is said to have been the inspiration for Robert Louis Stevenson's story, the Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, [276] and murderers Burke and Hare who delivered fresh corpses for dissection to the famous anatomist Robert Knox.

[277] Another well-known Edinburgh resident was Greyfriars Bobby. The small Skye Terrier reputedly kept vigil over his dead master's grave in Greyfriars Kirkyard for 14 years in the 1860s and 1870s, giving rise to a story of canine devotion which plays a part in attracting visitors to the city. [278] International relations [ edit ] Twin towns and sister cities [ edit ] See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Scotland The City of Edinburgh has entered into 14 international twinning arrangements since 1954.

[279] Most of the arrangements are styled as Twin Cities but the agreement with Kraków is designated as a Partner City, [279] and the agreement with Kyoto Prefecture is officially styled as a Friendship Link, reflecting its status as the only region to be twinned with Edinburgh. [279] City Since Munich, Germany 1954 Nice, France 1958 [280] [281] Florence, Italy 1964 Dunedin, New Zealand 1974 Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada 1977 [282] San Diego, California, United States 1977 Xi'an, China 1985 Segovia, Spain 1985 [283] Kyiv, Ukraine 1989 Aalborg, Denmark 1991 [284] Kyoto Prefecture, Japan 1994 Kathmandu, Nepal 1994 Kraków, Poland 1995 [285] Saint Petersburg, Russia 1995 [286] [287] Shenzhen, China 2019 [288] For a list of consulates in Edinburgh, see List of diplomatic missions in Scotland.

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Archived from the original on 28 March 2008. Retrieved 21 December 2008. • ^ "Shenzhen and Edinburgh Become Sister Cities". chinaminutes.com. China Minutes. edinburgh city June 2019. Retrieved 8 July 2020. Further reading [ edit ] • Campbell, Donald (2003). Edinburgh: A Cultural and Literary History. Signal Books. ISBN 978-1-902669-73-1. • H Coghill, Edinburgh, The Old Town, John Donald, Edinburgh 1990, ISBN 0-85976-289-0 • A Herman, How the Scots Invented the Modern World: The True Story of How Western Europe's Poorest Nation Created Our World & Everything in It, Three Rivers Press, New York, 2001, ISBN 0-609-80999-7; also published as The Scottish Enlightenment: The Scots' Invention of the Modern World, HarperCollins, London, 2001, ISBN 1-84115-275-7 • A Massie, Edinburgh, Sinclair-Stevenson, London 1994, ISBN 1-85619-244-X • S Mullay, The Edinburgh Encyclopedia, Mainstream Publishing, Edinburgh and London 1996, ISBN 1-85158-762-4 • S Mullay, The Illustrated History of Edinburgh's Suburbs, Breedon Books, Derby 2008, ISBN 978-1-85983-665-1 External links [ edit ] Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article " Edinburgh".

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Edinburgh. 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Edinburgh City Pass 2020 - The Official Guide to Edinburgh Skip to content X Close • Home • Discover • Things To Do • What's on in Edinburgh • Areas in Edinburgh • Edinburgh on Film • Where to Stay • Blog • Explore beyond Edinburgh • About Forever Edinburgh • Media Centre • Residents • Study • Conference • Invest • Travel Trade Edinburgh City Pass and Royal Edinburgh Ticket Two great ways to see the city for less Enjoy everything that Scotland's capital has to offer edinburgh city Edinburgh City Pass and The Edinburgh Royal Ticket.

Two different passes which both offer very different Edinburgh experiences. Enjoy the city's Royal spendour with The Royal Edinburgh Ticket, or uncover the insider's side to Edinburgh with the Edinburgh City Pass. Which will you choose?

The Edinburgh City Pass is not currently on sale. We are waiting for an update from the operator. Stay tuned for further announcements. Flexible Edinburgh City Pass - Access to many Attractions including The Edinburgh Dungeon and Vault Tours - Free airport transfer and Hop-on Hop-off Bright Bus City Bus Tour - Valid for 1, 2, or 3 days - Prices from £45 per adult - Save up to 50% - Free guidebook - Instant mobile ticket - Free 24 hour cancellation - Valid for 12 months BUY NOW > The Royal Edinburgh Edinburgh city - The only ticket to provide access to Edinburgh Castle, The Palace of Holyroodhouse, Royal Yacht Britannia and three Edinburgh bus edinburgh city - Valid for 48 hrs - Save 25% compared to buying each full price admission individually - Price: £59 per adult BUY NOW > Edinburgh City Pass Sightseeing just got a lot more interesting with the Edinburgh City Pass.

Experience amazing local sights with a difference. Go ghoulish and ghastly or historic and hilarious or all four at once. Dig deep into Edinburgh's not-so-well-known past. Get up close and personal with characters you'll never forget (no matter how hard you try), like bodysnatcher bad boys Burke & Hare.

Visit Victorian vaults. Roam out onto the River Forth. Defy the curses of wild witch Annie Finnie. Get the ultimate inside info from local tour guides - it's Edinburgh, but not as anyone else knows it. Valid for one, two, or three days your pass includes your airport transfer with Edinburgh Trams, free entry to 23 handpicked attractions plus intimate, memorable local tours, many with local guides who can spin the best stories this side of Robert Louis Stevenson.

- One day pass: £45 per adult / £20 per child - Two day pass: £55 per adult / £26 per child - Three day pass: £65 per adult / £30 per child You also receive your Inside Edinburgh Guide with map, local tips galore and offers to make sure you get the very most from your trip.

The Inside Edinburgh City Pass is a winner for all ages, a great way to save money and time, and your portal to a city you never knew existed. What attractions are included in the Edinburgh City Pass? Edinburgh Trams:Glide from Edinburgh Airport to the city centre on board Edinburgh Trams with an Adult Open Return Ticket.

The Edinburgh Dungeon: The ultimate underground journey through Edinburgh’s darkest history! Harry Potter Tour: Great for muggles of all ages and a brilliant way to explore more of Edinburgh. (*New for 2020) Scrapheap & Wizards Golf: Take your pick from one of two 9-hole indoor themed courses right in the City Centre.

(*New for 2020)Bright Bus City Tours: Hop-on Hop-off bus tour and one of the friendliest and easiest ways to explore (24hr pass).

Rabbie’s Edinburgh City Bus Tour: Discover remarkable stories on a unique 16-seat convertible mini-coach. Forth Boat Tours: Take in the spectacular views of the Three Bridges, the beautiful panoramas of the Edinburgh skyline. The Georgian House: The house has been restored to show a typical Edinburgh New Town house.

John Knox House: John Knox House dates back to 1470, which makes it one of the only original medieval buildings surviving on the Royal Mile. Auld Reekie Walking Tours: Daytime vault tours, once the haunt of criminals, body snatchers and witches alike! Gravity Trampoline Park: Jump, bounce and hop as you fly through the air at GRAVITY Trampoline Park National Mining Museum Scotland: A visit to the award-winning National Mining Museum Scotland is an absolute must.

Butterfly and Insect World: Visit the world’s longest running butterfly house. Hopetoun House and Gardens: Hopetoun House is often referred to as Scotland’s Finest Stately Home. Stewart Brewing: Go ‘behind the scenes’ in an independent, family-owned brewery every Saturday. Scottish Seabird Centre: Visit the incredible five star Scottish Seabird Centre in North Berwick, just 30 minutes from Edinburgh. Click the button below edinburgh city buy your Edinburgh City Pass today, or for more information please call 0131 237 9685.

The Royal Edinburgh Ticket Want to explore the unique Royal splendours of Scotland's capital, including Edinburgh Castle, The Palace of Holyroodhouse and the Royal Yacht Britannia? Then The Royal Edinburgh Ticket is for you. Valid for 48 hours, The Royal Edinburgh Ticket includes fast track admission to three majestic attractions in Scotland’s capital and three Hop-on, Hop-off Edinburgh Bus Tours as you explore the city between each attraction with panoramic views from the top deck.

Need help with the Edinburgh Royal Ticket? Please call 0131 475 0618 What attractions are included in the Royal Edinburgh Ticket? The Royal Edinburgh ticket includes entry to three Royal attactions and three unmissable Edinburgh city bus tours, saving 25% off edinburgh city admission.

Royal Attractions Edinburgh Castle: Guaranteed entry to Edinburgh Castle is included in your Royal Edinburgh Ticket. See the firing of the One o'Clock Gun, the famous time signal that has been firing since 1861. Visit the new permanent exhibition 'Fight for the Castle', and admire spectacular views across the capital. The Castle is also home to St Margaret's Chapel - the oldest buildig in Edinburgh, and Mons Meg - one of Europe's oldest siege guns.

Palace of Holyroodhouse: Explore Her Majesty the Queen's official residence in Scotland, including the magnificent State Apartments used by the Royal Family, the historic chambers of Mary, Queen of Scots, and exhibitions at The Queen's Gallery. 'A Royal Wedding: The Duke & Duchess of Sussex' exhibition is also included in your visit to the Palace from 14 June - 6 October 2019.

The Royal Yacht Britannia: Follow in the footsteps of Royalty and discover The Queen's former floating palace. Consistently voted Scotland's best attraction for 12 years on TripAdvisor, The Royal Yacht Britannia offers a fascinating insight into how the Royal Family and 220 crew lived on board. City Bus Tours Majestic Tour: The Majestic Tour heads north of Edinburgh's city centre towards the port of Leith with highlights including the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh city Royal Yacht Britannia and the Palace of Holyroodhouse Edinburgh Tour: Explore Edinburgh's city centre taking in the spectacular buildings including Edinburgh Castle, the Scottish Parliament and the architecture of our Georgian New Town with a live tour guide.

Edinburgh City Sightseeing:See all the main attractions with CitySightseeing Edinburgh There's a multi-language commentary and a special Horrible Histories commentary for your children, narrated by Terry Deary himself!

Discounts As well as entry into the Royal attractions and bus tours listed above, your Royal Edinburgh Ticket entitles you to discounts at the following attractions and outlets: The Edinburgh Dungeon: £5 off entrance (excludes 26-31 October) Parliament Café at the Scottish Parliament: 10% discount The Real Mary King's Close: £1 off adult edinburgh city before 1pm James Pringle, Edinburgh city Mills: 10% off clothing including cashmere Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh: 2 for 1 entry into the The Glasshouses Edinburgh Butterfly & Insect World: £1.50 off an adult ticket National Mining Museum Scotland: £1 off an adult ticket Palace of Holyroodhouse: Show your ticket at the Palace Café till to receive a free crown shortbread when you purchase any hot drink How much does the Royal Edinburgh Ticket cost?

All Royal Edinburgh Tickets are valid for 48 hours. - Edinburgh city £59 - Senior (60+): £52 - Child (5-15): £32 - Child under 5: Free