Buddhist center samarinda

cc:useGuidelines A related resource which defines non-binding use guidelines for the work. RDF users might be interested in our machine-readable RDF Schema.

A copy is also embedded in this document. • Developers Except where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (2020 Census) • Total buddhist center samarinda • Density 370/km 2 (960/sq mi) Time zone UTC+8 ( WITA) Area code (+62) 551 HDI (2019) 0.769 ( High) [1] Website tarakankota.go.id Tarakan is an island and the largest city of the Indonesian province of North Kalimantan. The island city is located in northern Borneo, midway along the coast of the province.

The city boundaries are co-extensive with the island (including a couple of small islands off the coast of the Tarakan Barat District). Once a major oil-producing region during the colonial period, Tarakan had great strategic importance during the Pacific War and was among the first Japanese targets early in the conflict. It is the sole city within the newly established (in 2012) Indonesian province of North Kalimantan.

According to Statistics Indonesia, the city had a population of 193,370 at the 2010 Census [2] and 242,786 inhabitants at the 2020 Census. [3] Contents • 1 Geography • 2 History • 2.1 Etymology • 2.2 Petroleum • 2.3 World War II • 2.4 Independence Era • 3 Demographics • 4 Infrastructure • 4.1 Health • 4.2 Education • 4.3 Places of worship • 4.4 Communication • 5 Transportation • 6 Economy • 7 Governance • 7.1 Administrative Districts • 7.2 Local Government • 7.3 Politics • 8 Climate • 9 See also • 10 References Geography [ edit ] The city is located on Tarakan island, which composed of 25,080 hectares (62,000 acres) of land.

[4] 27.5% of the city is composed of podzol soil and 57.63% latosol soil. [4] The city is located between 0–110 metres (0–361 ft) above sea level. [4] History [ edit ] Etymology [ edit ] According to legends, native Tidungs established their kingdom in Tarakan around 1076 CE. After moving their capital several times over the centuries, in 1571 CE they settled their kingdom on the eastern coast of Tarakan, apparently already under the influence of Islam.

[5] The name Tarakan comes from the Tidung language [ which?]: tarak (meeting place) and ngakan (to eat); thus Tarakan was originally a meeting place for sailors and traders to eat, rest and trade their catch in the Tidung area. [6] Petroleum [ edit ] A pier and oil barrels in Tarakan during the Dutch colonial period, ca. 1925 Dutch explorers noted oil seepages in 1863. In 1905, an oil concession was granted to Koninklijke Nederlandsche Petroleum Maatschappij' a predecessor to Royal Dutch Shell.

One year later oil production began with a yield of over 57,928 barrels of oil per year. Production continued to increase and buddhist center samarinda the 1920s Tarakan yielded over five million barrels a year, a third of the total oil production in the whole of the Dutch East Indies. [7] The oil produced here had a paraffin base instead of the usual asphalt base. [8] Tarakan oil fields produced a light, sour crude oil with an unusually low pour point.

By 1940, the island had an oil refinery with four petroleum loading piers, [9] and was one of the five largest petroleum processing centers in the East Indies. [10] World War II [ edit ] See also: Battle of Tarakan (1942) and Battle of Tarakan (1945) Japanese oil fields in Sakhalin and Formosa provided only about ten percent of the petroleum needed to sustain Japanese industry.

[11] Reserves of California crude oil at Japanese refineries would have been exhausted in less than two years at the rate of consumption when the United States terminated exports to Japan on 26 July 1941.

Japan initiated hostilities against the United States and the United Kingdom four months later in preparation for seizing alternative sources of petroleum in the East Indies. [10] Japan declared war on the Netherlands East Indies on 10 January 1942; and Japanese troops landed on Tarakan the following day. [12] Dutch forces had declared war on Japan a month earlier, and sabotaged the oil field and refinery prior to surrender.

[13] Japan had captured the Miri oil field in December, and captured oil fields and refineries at Balikpapan in January, Sumatra in February, and Java in March. Oil technicians accompanied the invading troops to maintain production at captured facilities. A team of one thousand additional petroleum engineers and technicians sailed from Japan aboard the Taiyo Maru, but nearly 800 drowned when the ship was sunk southwest of Kyushu by the USS Grenadier on 8 May 1942.

[14] Despite this loss, Tarakan crude oil (mixed with lesser quantities of Manchurian oil shale distillates) became the primary feedstock for Japanese diesel fuel in 1942, while reserve supplies of California crude oil remained the primary feedstock for Japanese gasoline and residual buddhist center samarinda until 1943.

[11] Allied landing vessels during the Buddhist center samarinda of Tarakan (1945). Tarakan became a Japanese strategic air base from which further attacks could be launched following the Dutch surrender.

Tarakan's inhabitants suffered under Japan's occupation. The large number of Japanese troops stationed on the island led to food shortages and many civilians suffered from malnutrition. During the occupation, the Japanese transported some 600 labourers to Tarakan from Java. The Japanese also forced an estimated 300 Javanese women to work as " comfort women". Tarakan oil field production reached 350,000 barrels per month by early 1944, but Japan no longer had enough oil tankers to transport this volume to Japanese refineries.

Without adequate supplies of refined residual fuel oil for the Battle of the Philippine Sea, Japanese aircraft carriers refueled with unrefined Tarakan crude oil in June 1944. The un desalted crude oil damaged boiler tubes, and the unremoved naphtha fraction volatilized to form explosive atmospheres contributing to the loss of the aircraft carriers Taihō, Shōkaku, and Hiyō.

[10] The last Japanese tanker left Tarakan in July 1944; Allied bombing raids damaged the oil field facilities later that year; and the veteran Australian 26th Brigade Group ended Japanese occupation with the second Battle of Tarakan from 1 May–21 June 1945.

[15] Independence Era [ edit ] Following the Indonesian revolution in the late 1940s, Tarakan became part of the new republic. It was administrated as a district following a Presidential Decree Number 22, 1963. [4] In 1981, Tarakan was granted a city charter, at that time one of four cities in East Kalimantan, along with Samarinda, Balikpapan and Bontang in accordance with Government Law Number 47, 1981. The city witnessed the Tarakan riot in 2010 following a clash between Buginese migrants from neighboring Sulawesi island and the Tidung people.

[16] The two groups later agreed to a peace deal, mediated by local police and the governor of buddhist center samarinda East Kalimantan, Awang Faroek Ishak. [17] After North Kalimantan was established as a province in 2012, Tarakan became the sole city within the new province. [4] In 2015, the city witnessed another riot, this time related to the 2015 North Kalimantan gubernatorial election between the candidates' supporters. [18] Demographics [ edit ] Tarakan had a population of 193,370 at the 2010 Census, [19] but the 2020 Buddhist center samarinda this had grown to 242,786.

Indigenous residents include the Tidung, a subgroup of the Dayak people. In addition, the city also has a multi-ethnic population from other parts of Indonesia, such as Bugis, Javanese and Chinese Indonesians.

85% of the city's population is Muslim, around 10% are Christian, 1.3% Hindu, 0.04% Buddhist, and 0.03% Confucianist. [20] Population growth averaged 2.23% per year in the decade 2010-2020. The city population has increased rapidly which is thought to be caused by high urbanization rate with people moving in from neighbouring regions. The sex ratio as of 2020 was 100:109—100 females for every 109 males. The city is dominated by a young and reproductive age population above the age of 15, which accounts around 64.53% of city's population.

Life expectancy in the city as of 2020 was 74 years, which is considerably higher than both the provincial and national average; it has been increasing consistently. [21] Infrastructure [ edit ] Health [ edit ] Tarakan Regional Hospital The island's main healthcare infrastructure consists of four hospitals, eight puskesmas (health clinics), and 103 healthcare centers.

In addition, there are seven mobile puskesmas, [4] [21] the biggest being Tarakan Regional Hospital, owned by the city government, located in Central Tarakan district.

[22] It is also the only international-class hospital in the province and is the province's referral hospital. [21] There is also a navy hospital, owned by the Indonesian Navy, located in West Tarakan district. [23] Education buddhist center samarinda edit ] There are 27 kindergartens, 65 elementary schools, 21 junior high schools and 12 senior high schools.

There are also five institutions of higher education in the city, the most notable being Borneo Tarakan University, [21] which is also the only public university in the city and the province.

[24] There are also seven vocational high schools. [4] [21] School participation rate is around 99% as of 2020. [21] Al-Ma'arif Grand Buddhist center samarinda, Tarakan There are 235 mosques, 93 churches, four Chinese Buddhist temples, and one Hindu temple. [21] One of the biggest mosques, Al-Ma'arif Grand Mosque, was constructed in 1961 and is located in the Central Tarakan district. [25] The only Hindu temple in the city, Pura Giri Jagat Nata, was inaugurated on 1994, and is used mostly by Balinese migrants.

[26] The Tarakan Islamic Center functions not only as a mosque but is also used for Islamic learning and various Islamic events. A popular local tourist spot, it was inaugurated in 2012.

[27] Communication [ edit ] The city has access to 4G and other telecommunication services. [28] As with most Indonesian cities, the only fiber optic service provider in the city is IndiHome, which is state-owned under Telkomsel.

[29] [30] The city has fiber optic cables connected to Balikpapan and Samarinda, which also serve other regencies of North Kalimantan buddhist center samarinda. [31] Transportation [ edit ] Several ferries serve Tarakan, linking it to other cities of eastern Borneo: Nunukan in North Kalimantan, Berau and Balikpapan in East Kalimantan, and Tawau in Sabah. The port also provides links to cities on other Indonesian islands— Sulawesi and Java.

[32] Inauguration of Juwata International Airport new terminal by Indonesian President Joko Widodo, Tarakan, Indonesia Tarakan has an airport, Juwata International Airport, located 3.5 kilometres (2.2 mi) from the city center. The airport handles domestic flight routes to Balikpapan, Jakarta, Surabaya, Denpasar and Makassar, as well as an international route to Tawau, Malaysia. On 2016, the airport terminal was expanded to provide for more than 2,000 passengers per day.

[33] There are 281.911 kilometres (175.171 mi) of road in the city of which 201.571 kilometres (125.250 mi) have been paved with asphalt. [21] The city has a bus rapid transit system which connects the entire city. [34] [35] In addition, there are angkots (shared taxis) and online motorcycle taxi services provided by firms like Gojek and Grab, and conventional taxis. [36] [37] There is a plan to build a bridge connecting the island to mainland Kalimantan, which is currently delayed because of the government refocusing fund allocations from development and infrastructure to COVID-19 pandemic mitigation.

[38] Economy [ edit ] The city was once a leading oil producer in the Dutch East Indies; to-day however, oil only comprises six percent of the total Tarakan economy. Fisheries and processed products now dominate the economy. [39] [21] The city is still the biggest contributor to the North Kalimantan economy, contributing 37.05 percent. [40] The economic growth in 2015 was 7.52 percent, which is above the national average. [41] The unemployment rate in 2019 was 4.78 percent.

[42] There are 14 companies based in Tarakan as of 2019. [43] As a result, in 2021 it is the 17th richest city in Indonesia. [44] The poverty rate as of 2020 was around 6 percent. [21] The agriculture sector is small, with only 33 hectares (82 acres) being cultivated as paddy fields.

It has been declining massively since 2018, with drops as high as 45.81 percent of crop yields. Other agriculture products such as cassava and sweet potatoes are also declining, with each only using around 174 hectares (430 acres) and 10 hectares (25 acres) respectively.

Tourism has been a growing sector, with around 227,638 tourists visiting the city in 2019. There are 33 registered banks in the city as of 2020, consisting of 23 public banks and 10 private banking institutions. [21] Governance [ edit ] Administrative Districts [ edit ] The city is divided into four districts ( kecamatan), tabulated buddhist center samarinda with their land areas and their populations at the 2010 census [45] and 2020 Census. [46] The table also includes the number of administrative villages (rural desa and urban kelurahan) in each district, and its postal codes.

District Name Area in km 2 Population Census 2010 Population Census 2020 Number of villages Post codes Tarakan Timur (East Tarakan) 58.01 42,973 58,500 7 77115 & 77123-77126 Tarakan Tengah (Central Tarakan) 55.54 60,608 69,740 5 77113-77114 Tarakan Barat (West Tarakan) 27.89 67,749 81,800 5 77111-77112 Tarakan Utara (North Tarakan) 109.36 22,040 32,740 3 77116 Totals 250.80 193,370 242,786 20 Local Government [ edit ] As with all Indonesian cities, it is a second-level administrative division run by a mayor and vice mayor together with the city parliament, and it has a status equivalent to a regency.

[47] Executive power lies in the mayor and vice mayor, while legislative duties are carried out by local parliaments. The mayor, vice mayor, and parliament members are democratically elected by the people of the city in an election. [48] The heads of districts are appointed directly by the city mayor with recommendations by the city secretary.

{INSERTKEYS} [49] [50] See also: Tarakan People's Representative Council Tarakan city is part of 1st electoral district for provincial parliament (North Kalimantan People's Representative Council), and have 12 out of 35 representatives there.

[51] In city level, it has its own parliament consist of 30 representatives divided into four electoral districts. [52] The last election for parliament was on 17 April 2019 and the next one will be in the year 2024.

[52] Electoral District Region Representatives Tarakan 1st Central Tarakan 9 Tarakan 2nd East Tarakan 7 Tarakan 3rd West Tarakan 10 Tarakan 4th North Tarakan 4 Total 30 Climate [ edit ] Tarakan has a tropical rainforest climate (Af) with heavy rainfall year-round. Climate data for Tarakan Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high °C (°F) 29.7 (85.5) 29.6 (85.3) 29.9 (85.8) 30.2 (86.4) 30.5 (86.9) 30.2 (86.4) 30.5 (86.9) 30.7 (87.3) 30.6 (87.1) 30.9 (87.6) 30.5 (86.9) 30.0 (86.0) 30.3 (86.5) Daily mean °C (°F) 26.2 (79.2) 26.1 (79.0) 26.5 (79.7) 26.7 (80.1) 26.9 (80.4) 26.5 (79.7) 26.6 (79.9) 26.7 (80.1) 26.6 (79.9) 26.9 (80.4) 26.7 (80.1) 26.5 (79.7) 26.6 (79.9) Average low °C (°F) 22.7 (72.9) 22.7 (72.9) 23.1 (73.6) 23.2 (73.8) 23.3 (73.9) 22.8 (73.0) 22.8 (73.0) 22.7 (72.9) 22.7 (72.9) 22.9 (73.2) 23.0 (73.4) 23.0 (73.4) 22.9 (73.2) Average rainfall mm (inches) 244 (9.6) 229 (9.0) 259 (10.2) 280 (11.0) 295 (11.6) 259 (10.2) 261 (10.3) 274 (10.8) 263 (10.4) 289 (11.4) 320 (12.6) 298 (11.7) 3,271 (128.8) Source: Climate-Data.org [53] See also [ edit ] • ^ "IPM Tarakan Meningkat Jadi 76,09".

korankaltara.com . Retrieved 2021-05-19. {{ cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status ( link) • ^ "Statistik Indonesia 2011". Badan Pusat Statistik . Retrieved 2021-05-19. {{ cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status ( link) • ^ Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.

• ^ a b c d e f g "Profil Kota Tarakan" (PDF). {{ cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status ( link) • ^ Prasetyo, Deni (2009). Mengenal Kerajaan-Kerajaan Nusantara. Pustaka Widyatama (Yogyakarta). ISBN 9789796103096. • ^ "Hari Jadi & Sejarah". larakankota.go.id. Archived from the original on 2010-04-14 . Retrieved 2021-05-19. • ^ European foreign investments as seen by the U.S. Department of Commerce.

United States Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. 1977. ISBN 9780405097911. • ^ Mason, John T. (1986). The Pacific War Remembered: An Oral History Collection.

Naval Institute Press. • ^ "The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia". Kent G. Budge . Retrieved 2011-02-17. • ^ a b c Wolborsky, Stephen L. Choke Hold: The Attack on Japanese Oil in World War II (1994) United States Air Force • ^ a b Grimes, C.G., CAPT USN Japanese Fuels and Lubricants in U.S.Technical Mission to Japan (1946) • ^ Dull, Paul S. (12 November 2013). A battle history of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941-1945 (1978). Naval Institute Press.

ISBN 9781612512907. • ^ Dull, Paul S. The Imperial Japanese Navy (1941-1945) (1978) Naval Institute Press p.66 • ^ Dunnigan, James F. & Nofi, Albert A. Victory at Sea (1995) William Morrow & Company ISBN 0-688-14947-2 pp.360–361 • ^ Cressman, Robert J. The Official Chronology of the U. S. Navy in World War II (2000) Naval Institute Press ISBN 1-55750-149-1 p.316 • ^ "Ini Kronologi Lengkap Kerusuhan Tarakan versi Polri".

Tribunnews.com (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 2021-04-13. • ^ "Kesepakatan damai di Tarakan". BBC News Indonesia (in Indonesian). 2010-09-29 . Retrieved 2021-04-13. • ^ Hantoro, Juli (2015-12-19). "Rusuh Pascapilkada, Kantor Gubernur Kalimantan Utara Dibakar". Tempo . Retrieved 2021-04-13. • ^ Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta. • ^ "Badan Pusat Statistik". tarakankota.bps.go.id . Retrieved 2021-04-20. • ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Badan Pusat Statistik".

tarakankota.bps.go.id . Retrieved 2021-04-13. • ^ "Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Tarakan Provinsi Kalimantan Utara". SIPP . Retrieved 2021-04-20. • ^ "RS TARAKAN". kaltimprov.go.id . Retrieved 2021-04-20. • ^ "Daftar Perguruan Tinggi Negeri & Swasta di Kalimantan Utara - PENDAFTARAN MAHASISWA".

www.pendaftaranmahasiswa.web.id . Retrieved 2021-04-20. • ^ "Sistem Informasi Masjid". simas.kemenag.go.id . Retrieved 2021-04-20. • ^ prokal.co. "Satu-satunya Pura Tertua, Didesain di Alam Terbuka - Radar Tarakan".

kaltara.prokal.co (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 2021-04-20. • ^ "Islamic Center Tarakan, Masjid Megah Ala Timur Tengah - Borneo ID". 2020-10-12 . Retrieved 2021-04-20. • ^ "Sinyal 4G Menyebar Ke Perbatasan". kalimantan.bisnis.com.

{{ cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status ( link) • ^ "IndiHome Tarakan Tengah Kalimantan Utara - Layanan Resmi Pasang IndiHome". indihomeonline.com.

2020-04-28 . Retrieved 2021-04-13. • ^ "Login • Instagram". www.instagram.com . Retrieved 2021-04-13. {{ cite web}}: Cite uses generic title ( help) • ^ "Jaringan Kabel Internet Kembali Lewat Jalur Laut". Korankaltara.com (in Indonesian). 2020-10-22 . Retrieved 2021-04-20. • ^ Atiyah, Jeremy (2002). Rough guide to Southeast Asia. Rough Guides. ISBN 9781858288932. • ^ "Terminal Baru Bandara Juwata Tarakan Berkapasitas 2.000 orang per hari" .

Retrieved 2021-05-19. {{ cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status ( link) • ^ developer, mediaindonesia com (2017-06-01). "10 Unit BRT bantuan Kemenhub beroperasi di Tarakan". mediaindonesia.com (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 2021-04-13. • ^ prokal.co. "OOHHH YESS..!! Begini Sensasi Naik BRT, Moda Transportasi Baru di Tarakan - Radar Tarakan". kaltara.prokal.co (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 2021-04-13. • ^ "Gojek Hadir di Kota Tarakan, Wagub Kaltara Langsung Jalan-jalan Naik Gojek".

Tribun Kaltim (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 2021-04-13. • ^ prokal.co. "Gojek Resmikan Tiga Layanan di Tarakan - Radar Tarakan". kaltara.prokal.co (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 2021-04-13. • ^ prokal.co. "Pembangunan Jembatan yang Menghubungkan Tarakan dan Kalimantan Tertunda Radar Tarakan".

kaltara.prokal.co (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 2021-04-20. • ^ Roberts, Brian; Trevor Kanaley (2006). Urbanization and sustainability in Asia: case studies of good practice. Asian Development Bank. ISBN 9789715616072. • ^ "Tarakan, Daerah Penyumbang Terbesar Ekonomi Kalimantan Utara – Dinas Komunikasi, Informatika, Statistik dan Persandian" . Retrieved 2021-04-13. • ^ "Kota Tarakan yang Terus Tumbuh". merdeka.com. 2019-12-15 . Retrieved 2021-04-13. • ^ "Badan Pusat Statistik". tarakankota.bps.go.id .

Retrieved 2021-04-13. {/INSERTKEYS}

• ^ "Industri Skala Besar Mayoritas Ada di Tarakan". Korankaltara.com (in Indonesian). 2019-03-31. Retrieved 2021-04-13. • ^ Liputan6.com (2021-04-14). "6 Fakta Menarik tentang Tarakan, Si Kota Seribu Kafe". liputan6.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2021-04-14. • ^ Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.

• ^ Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021. • ^ "UU 22 1999" (PDF). {{ cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status ( link) • ^ "UU 8 2015" (PDF).

{{ cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status ( link) • ^ "PP No. 17 Tahun 2018 tentang Kecamatan [JDIH BPK RI]". peraturan.bpk.go.id. Retrieved 2021-04-16. • ^ Government Law No.19 1998 • ^ "JDIH KPU RI".

jdih.kpu.go.id. Retrieved 2021-04-20. • ^ a b "Keputusan KPU 287" (PDF). {{ cite web}}: CS1 maint: buddhist center samarinda ( link) • ^ "Climate: Tarakan".

Climate-Data.org. Retrieved 23 November 2020. Hidden categories: • CS1 maint: url-status • CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id) • CS1 errors: generic title • Articles with short description • Short description matches Wikidata • Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images • All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases • Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from November 2021 • Articles containing undetermined-language text • Articles containing Indonesian-language text • Articles with VIAF identifiers • Articles with WORLDCATID identifiers buddhist center samarinda Articles with LCCN identifiers • Coordinates on Wikidata • Pages using the Kartographer extension • Afrikaans • العربية • Basa Bali • Bân-lâm-gú • Cebuano • Čeština • Deutsch • Esperanto • فارسی • Français • 한국어 • Հայերեն • Bahasa Hulontalo • Bahasa Indonesia • Italiano • Jawa • Malagasy • മലയാളം • Bahasa Melayu • 日本語 • Polski • Română • Русский • Simple English • Suomi • Svenska • Татарча/tatarça • Türkçe • ᨅᨔ ᨕᨘᨁᨗ • Українська • اردو • Winaray • 中文 Edit links • This page was last edited on 20 April 2022, at 13:30 (UTC).

• Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0 ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® buddhist center samarinda a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. • Privacy policy • About Wikipedia • Disclaimers • Contact Wikipedia • Mobile view • Developers • Statistics • Cookie statement • •
Bogor City (Indonesia) Show map of Indonesia Coordinates: 6°35′48″S 106°47′50″E  /  6.5966°S 106.7972°E  / -6.5966; 106.7972 Coordinates: 6°35′48″S 106°47′50″E  /  6.5966°S 106.7972°E  / -6.5966; 106.7972 Country Indonesia Province West Java Founded 3 June 1482 Incorporated (as gemeente) 1 April 1905 (Gemeente Buitenzorg) Other names Pakuan Pajajaran (669−1746) Buitenzorg (1746–1942) Administrative division 6 districts 68 urban villages Government 16100 to 16169 Area code (+62) 251 Vehicle registration F Nominal GDP [3] 2019 - Total Rp 46.2 trillion ( 24th) $ 3.3 billion $ 10.8 billion ( PPP) - Per capita Rp 41,564 thousand $ 2,960 $ 9,720 ( PPP) HDI (2021) 0.766 High Largest district by area Bogor Barat ( West Bogor) – 32.85 square kilometres (12.68 sq mi) Largest district by population Bogor Barat ( West Bogor) – buddhist center samarinda (2021) Website kotabogor.go.id Bogor ( Sundanese: ᮘᮧᮌᮧᮁ, Dutch: Buitenzorg) is a city in the West Java province, Indonesia.

Located around 60 kilometers (37 mi) south of the national capital of Jakarta, Bogor is the 6th largest city in the Jakarta metropolitan area and the 14th overall nationwide. [4] The city covers buddhist center samarinda area of 118.50 km 2, and it had a population of 950,334 in the 2010 Census [5] and 1,043,070 in the 2020 Census. [6] Bogor is an important economic, scientific, cultural, and tourist center, as well as a mountain resort. During the Middle Ages, the city served as the capital of the Sunda Kingdom ( Indonesian: Kerajaan Sunda) and was called Pakuan Pajajaran or Dayeuh Pakuan.

During the Dutch colonial era, it was named Buitenzorg ( "without worries" in Dutch) and served as the summer residence of the Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies. With several hundred thousand people living on an area of about 20 km 2 (7.7 sq mi), the central part of Bogor is one of the world's most densely buddhist center samarinda areas.

The city has a presidential palace and a botanical garden ( Indonesian: Kebun Raya Bogor) – one of the oldest and largest in the world. It bears the nickname "Rainy City" ( Kota Hujan), because of frequent rain showers, even during the dry season. Contents • 1 History • 1.1 Precolonial period • 1.2 Colonial period • 1.2.1 Dutch East India Company • 1.2.2 Rule of the Kingdom of the Netherlands • 1.3 1942–1950 • 1.4 As part of Indonesia • 2 Geography, topography, geology • 3 Climate • 4 Demographics • 4.1 Population • 5 Administrative districts • 5.1 Administration • 6 Economy • 7 Transport • 8 Housing and facilities • 9 Education and science • 10 Culture • 11 Health • 12 Media • 13 Sport • 14 Travel and places • 15 Notable people • 16 Sister cities • 17 See also • 18 Further reading • 19 References • 20 External links History [ edit ] Further information: Pakuan Pajajaran The first mention of a settlement at present Bogor dates to the 5th century when the area was part of Tarumanagara, one of the earliest states in Indonesian history.

[7] [8] [9] After a series of defeats by the neighboring Srivijaya, Tarumanagara was transformed into the Sunda Kingdom, and in 669, the capital of Sunda was built between two parallel rivers, the Ciliwung and Cisadane. It was named Pakuan Pajajaran, in old Sundanese meaning "a place between the parallel [rivers]", and became the predecessor of the modern Bogor.

{INSERTKEYS} [10] [11] A 1600-year-old stone inscription ( prasasti) of the Tarumanagara kingdom era Over the next several centuries, Pakuan Pajajaran became one of the largest cities in medieval Indonesia with a population reaching 48,000. [11] The name Pajajaran was then used for the entire kingdom, and the capital was simply called Pakuan.

[11] [12] [13] [14] [15] The chronicles of that time were written in Sanskrit, which was the language used for official and religious purposes, using the Pallava writing system, on rock stellas called prasasti. [8] [16] The prasasti found in and around Bogor differ in shape and text style from other Indonesian prasasti and are among the main attractions of the city. [8] From the 9th-15th centuries, the capital moved between Pakuan and other cities of the kingdom, and finally returned to Pakuan by King Siliwangi ( Sri Baduga Maharaja) on 3 June 1482 – the day of his coronation.

Since 1973, this date is celebrated in Bogor as an official city holiday. [17] [18] In 1579, Pakuan was captured and almost completely destroyed by the army of the Sultanate of Banten, [19] [20] causing the existence of the State of Sunda to cease. The city was abandoned and remained uninhabited for decades. [11] [17] Colonial period [ edit ] Dutch East India Company [ edit ] In the second half of the 17th century, the abandoned Pakuan as with most of West Java, while formally remaining under the Sultanate of Banten, gradually passed under the control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC).

The formal transition occurred on 17 April 1684 with a signed agreement between the Crown Prince of Banten and the VOC. [21] The first, and temporal, colonial settlement at Pakuan was a camp of lieutenant Tanoejiwa, a Sundanese employed by the VOC who was sent in 1687 to develop the area.

[13] [21] [22] It was seriously damaged by the eruption on 4–5 January 1699 of the Mount Salak volcano ( Indonesian: Gunung Salak). However, the concomitant forest fires removed much forest, leaving much area for the planned rice and coffee plantations.

[13] In a short time, several agricultural settlements appeared around Pakuan, the largest being Kampung Baru (lit. "new village"). [8] In 1701, they were combined into an administrative district; Tanoejiwa was chosen as the head of the district and is regarded as the founder of the modern Bogor Regency. [21] [22] The district was further developed during the 1703 Dutch mission headed by the Inspector General of the VOC Abraham van Riebeeck (the son of the founder of Cape Town Jan van Riebeeck and later Governor of Dutch East Indies).

[13] [21] The expedition of van Riebeeck performed a detailed study of the Pakuan ruins, discovered and described many archaeological artifacts, including prasasti, and erected buildings for the VOC employees. [22] The area attracted the Dutch by a favorable geographical position and mild climate, preferred over the hot Batavia which was then the administrative center of the Dutch East Indies.

[22] In 1744–1745, the residence of the Governor-General was built in Pakuan which was hosting the government during the summer.

[22] The Great Post Road passing Buitenzorg in the 19th century In 1746, by the order of the Governor-General Gustaaf Willem van Imhoff, the Palace, a nearby Dutch settlement and nine native settlements were merged into an administrative division named Buitenzorg (Dutch for "beyond (or outside) concerns," meaning "without worries" or "carefree," cf.

Frederick the Great of Prussia's summer palace outside Potsdam, Sanssouci, with the same meaning in French). [23] [24] Around the same time, the first reference to Bogor as the local name of the city was documented; it was mentioned in the administration report from 7 April 1752 with respect to the part of Buitenzorg adjacent to the Palace.

{/INSERTKEYS}

{INSERTKEYS} [25] Later this name became used for the whole city as the local alternative to Buitenzorg. [23] This name is believed to originate from the Javanese word bogor meaning sugar palm ( Arenga pinnata) or bokor (a large bowl made from metal), which is still used in the Indonesian language. [25] [26] Alternative origins are the old-Javanese word bhagar (meaning cow), or simply the misspelling of "Buitenzorg" by the local residents.

[25] The city grew rapidly in the late 18th – early 19th centuries. [22] This growth was partly stimulated by the temporary occupation of the Dutch East Indies by the United Kingdom in 1811–1815 – the British landed on Java and other Sunda Islands to prevent their capture by Napoleonic France which then conquered the Netherlands. The head of the British administration Stamford Raffles moved the administrative center from Batavia to Buitenzorg and implemented new and more efficient management techniques.

[22] [27] Rule of the Kingdom of the Netherlands [ edit ] Bogor Palace in 1910s when it was still the residence of the Governor-General After Buitenzorg was returned to the Dutch, it fell under the rule of the Kingdom of the Netherlands rather than VOC. The Buitenzorg Palace was reinstated as the summer residence of the Governor-General. The surrounding territory was also organized into a new Residency, the Buitenzorg Residency.

A botanical garden was set up nearby in 1817, which was one of the world's largest gardens in the 19th century. [22] [23] [28] [29] Baedeker map of the town, ca 1914 On 10 October 1834, Buitenzorg was seriously damaged by another eruption of the Salak volcanoes caused by an earthquake.

[22] [30] Taking into account the seismic activity of the region, the governor's palace and office buildings constructed in 1840–1850 were built shorter but sturdier than those built prior to the eruption. [22] The Governor's decree of 1845 prescribed separate settlements of European, Chinese and Arab migrants within the city.

[22] In 1860–1880, the largest agricultural school in the colony was established in Buitenzorg. Other scientific institutions including a city library, natural science museum, biology, chemistry, and veterinary medicine laboratories were also constructed during this period. During this time, in 1867, the Buitenzorg Residency was downgraded from a full Residency to an Assistant Residency. By the end of the 19th century, Buitenzorg became one of the most developed and westernized cities in Indonesia.

[13] [22] Coat of Arms of Buitenzorg (now Bogor) during Dutch colonial era, granted in 1932 In 1904, Buitenzorg formally became the administrative center of the Dutch East Indies.

However, real management remained in Batavia, which hosted most of the administrative offices and the main office of the governor.

[8] [23] This status was revoked in the administrative reform of 1924, which divided the colony into provinces and made Buitenzorg seat of the new Buitenzorg Residency and center of West Java Province. [8] 1942–1950 [ edit ] R. A. A. Muharram Wiranatakusuma, president of the Pasundan State with his secretary in Bogor (1948) During World War II, Buitenzorg and the entire territory of the Dutch East Indies were occupied by Japanese forces; the occupation lasted from 6 March 1942 until the summer of 1945.

[31] As part of the efforts by the Japanese to promote nationalist (and thus anti-Dutch) sentiments among the local population the city was given the Indonesian name Bogor. [29] The city had one of the major training centres of the Indonesian militia PETA (Pembela Tanah Air – " Defenders of the Motherland"). [32] On 17 August 1945, Sukarno and Hatta proclaimed independence, but the Dutch regained control of the town and adjoining areas.

In February 1948, Buitenzorg was included in the quasi-independent state of West Java,( Indonesian: Negara Jawa Barat) which was renamed Pasundan in April 1948 ( Indonesian: Negara Pasundan). This state was established by the Netherlands as a step to transform their former colonial possessions in the East Indies into a dependent federation. [33] [34] In December 1949, Pasundan joined the Republic of the United States of Indonesia ( Indonesian: Republik Indonesia Serikat, RIS) established at the Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference of 23 August – 2 November 1949.

[34] [35] In February 1950, as a result of defeat of Pasundan in a quick military conflict with the Republic of Indonesia, the city became part of Indonesia, as formalized in August 1950, [34] [35] and its name was officially declared as Bogor.

[17] [36] As part of Indonesia [ edit ] As part of independent modern Indonesia, Bogor has a significant role in the cultural, scientific, and economic development of the country and West Java in particular – in part due to the legacy of infrastructure built during the colonial period.

Its special position was further reinforced by the transformation of the former summer residence of the governor-general into the summer palace of the President of Indonesia. [13] [37] In the 1990s–2000s, the city regularly hosted various international events, such as ministry-level meetings of the Asia-Pacific institutions [38] and the APEC summit of 15 November 1994.

[39] Since 2008, a Christian church congregation in Bogor has been embroiled in conflict with Islamic fundamentalists over the building permit for their new church. [40] Geography, topography, geology [ edit ] Bogor and Mount Salak The city is situated in the western part of Java island, about 53 km south of the capital Jakarta and 85 km northwest of Bandung, the administrative center of West Java Province.

[1] Bogor spreads over a basin near volcanoes Salak, which peaks at about 12 km south, and Mount Gede whose top is 22–25 km south-east of the city. [41] The average elevation is 265 meters, maximum 330 m, and minimum 190 meters above sea level. [1] The terrain is rather uneven: 17.64 km 2 of its area has slopes of 0–2°, 80.9 km 2 from 2° to 15°, 11 km 2 between 15° and 25°, 7.65 km 2 from 25° to 40° and 1.20 km 2 over 40°; [42] the northern part is relatively flat and the southern part is more hilly.

[43] The soils are dominated by volcanic sedimentary rocks. {/INSERTKEYS}

{INSERTKEYS} [43] Given the proximity of large active volcanoes, the area is considered highly seismic. [41] The total area of green space is 205,000 m 2, of which 87,000 m 2 are Bogor Botanical Gardens, 19,400 m 2 are taken by 35 parks, 17,200 m 2 by 24 groves and 81,400 m 2 are covered with grass.

[44] Several rivers flow through the city toward the Java Sea. The largest ones, Ciliwung and Cisadane, flank the historic city center. Smaller rivers, Cipakancilan, Cidepit, Ciparigi and Cibalok, are guided by cement tubes in many places.

[41] It is worth noting that "ci" in the river names merely means "river" in Sundanese, and the actual name begins after it, but the "ci" is nevertheless included into national and international maps. There are several small lakes within the city, including Situ Burung (lit. Bird Lake; "Situ" meaning "Lake") and Situ Gede (lit. Great Lake), with the area of several hectares each.

Rivers and lakes occupy 2.89% of the city area. [45] Climate [ edit ] Bogor has a tropical rainforest climate (Af) according to the Köppen climate classification, [46] and more humid and rainy than in many other areas of West Java – the average relative humidity is 70%, [41] the average annual precipitation is about 1700 mm, but more than 3500 mm in some areas.

[41] Most rain falls between December and February. Because of this weather, Bogor has the nickname "Rain City" ( Indonesian: Kota hujan). [47] [48] The temperatures are lower than in coastal Java: the average maximum is 25.9 °C (cf. 32.2 °C in Jakarta). Daily fluctuations (9–10 °C) are rather high for Indonesia. The absolute maximum temperature was recorded at 38 °C and the minimum at 3 °C.

[1] Climate data for Bogor, West Java, Indonesia (2021) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high °C (°F) 31.9 (89.4) 33.4 (92.1) 34.2 (93.6) 33.6 (92.5) 33.8 (92.8) 33.2 (91.8) 33.4 (92.1) 33.2 (91.8) 34.0 (93.2) 34.1 (93.4) 34.1 (93.4) 34.2 (93.6) 33.6 (92.5) Daily mean °C (°F) 25.2 (77.4) 24.6 (76.3) 25.9 (78.6) 26.7 (80.1) 26.8 (80.2) 25.8 (78.4) 26.0 (78.8) 26.0 (78.8) 26.3 (79.3) 26.4 (79.5) 26.4 (79.5) 26.1 (79.0) 26.0 (78.8) Average low °C (°F) 21.5 (70.7) 21.1 (70.0) 20.0 (68.0) 21.3 (70.3) 21.2 (70.2) 20.8 (69.4) 19.3 (66.7) 20.8 (69.4) 20.2 (68.4) 20.8 (69.4) 21.4 (70.5) 20.4 (68.7) 20.7 (69.3) Average precipitation mm (inches) 304.3 (11.98) 486.8 (19.17) 233.0 (9.17) 505.1 (19.89) 510.3 (20.09) 311.1 (12.25) 115.6 (4.55) 399.5 (15.73) 317.3 (12.49) 566.5 (22.30) 183.6 (7.23) 279.1 (10.99) 4,212.2 (165.84) Average rainy days 24 23 22 18 17 20 10 17 19 24 22 22 238 Average relative humidity (%) 88 86 85 84 84 86 80 82 81 83 84 85 84 Source: Bogorkota.bps [49] Demographics [ edit ] The New American Cyclopaedia of 1867 reported Buitenzorg's population as being 320,756, including 9,530 Chinese, 650 Europeans, and 23 Arabs.

[50] Population [ edit ] According to the national census held in May–August 2010, 949,066 people were registered in Bogor. [51] The average population density was about 8,000 people per km 2; it reached 12,571 persons per km 2 in the centre and drops to 5,866 people per km 2 in the southern part. [51] Based on BPS data, [52] Bogor's population in 2020 was 1,043,070 people, giving a population density of 8,802 people per km 2.

Year 1956 1961 1971 1981 1988 1999 2010 2020 Population 124,000 154,000 197,000 246,000 285,000 585,000 949,000 [51] 1,043,070 [53] School girls in Muslim dress in the Bogor Botanical Garden The rapid population growth in Bogor after 1960 is related to urbanization as well as the influx of workforce from other parts of the country.

[54] The birth rate in 2009 was 563 children per 10,000 people, with the mortality value of 272. During the same year, 12,709 permanent resident moved in and 3,391 people left the city. [55] Men constituted 51.06% and women 48.94% of the population; [51] 28.39% of the inhabitants were under 15 years old, 67.42% were aged 15–65 years and 3.51% – over 65 years.

[55] The 2005 estimate of the life expectancy was 71.8 years, which is the highest figure for West Java and one of the highest in Indonesia. [56] Most of the population (87%) are Sundanese, with the largest immigrant minorities being Betawi, Javanese, Chinese, and other, often mixed ethnicities.

[57] [58] Virtually all adults are fluent in Indonesian – the official language of the country. Sundanese is used at home and in some public areas and events – for example, the solemn speech of the mayor at the City Day celebration of 3 June 2010 was delivered in Sundanese.

[58] The local dialect of Sundanese significantly differs from the classical version both lexically and phonetically. [59] [60] The majority of population (93%) are Muslims, [61] with about 6% Christians.

However, there are many Christian churches in the city, [62] [63] [64] as well as Buddhist (mostly in the Chinese community [65]) and Hindu communities.

Religious statistics of 2021 [2] Religion Adherents Fraction of population (%) Islam 1,002,568 93.22 Protestantism 41,761 3.88 Roman Catholicism 21,734 2.02 Buddhism 7,880 0.73 Hinduism 1,109 0.10 Confucianism 382 0.04 Others 23 0.00 Administrative districts [ edit ] Bogor City is surrounded by the Bogor Regency ( kabupaten) but in itself is a separate municipality ( kota), [17] [66] making Bogor City an enclave within Bogor Regency.

The city is divided into six districts ( kecamatan), which contain 68 low-level administrative units, 31 of which have the status of urban settlements ( kelurahan) and 37 are rural villages ( desa). {/INSERTKEYS}

{INSERTKEYS} [67] Districts of Bogor City [51] [67] English name Indonesian name Area in km 2 Population at 2010 Census Population at 2020 Census [6] Number of settlements and villages North Bogor Kecamatan Bogor Utara 17.72 170,443 186,724 8 South Bogor Kecamatan Bogor Selatan 30.81 181,392 204,030 16 East Bogor Kecamatan Bogor Timur 10.15 95,098 104,327 6 West Bogor Kecamatan Bogor Barat 32.85 211,084 233,637 16 Central Bogor Kecamatan Bogor Tengah 8.13 101,398 96,258 11 Tanah Sareal Kecamatan Tanah Sareal 18.84 190,919 218,094 11 Administration [ edit ] The city is headed by a mayor, who is elected by the citizens every five years, together with a vice-mayor; in the past, the mayor was appointed by the provincial administration.

[66] Diani Budiarto became the first directly elected mayor of Bogor on 25 October 2008 and assumed his position on 7 April 2009. [68] Legislative power is provided by the City Council which consists of 45 people's representatives who are also elected by the residents for a 5-year term.

Nine political parties consisting of five factions are represented in the council. [69] [70] The coat of arms of Bogor is a rectangular heraldic shield with a pointed base and the side lengths ratio of 5:4, divided by a cross into four parts. The upper left quarter contains the National emblem of Indonesia – the mythical bird Garuda, in the upper right is the presidential palace, in the bottom left is the Salak volcano, and in the lower right is the national Sundanese dagger kujang.

The inscription on top reads "KOTA BOGOR", which translates to "THE CITY OF BOGOR". [71] Economy [ edit ] Guppy fishes are exported in large quantities from Bogor. Bogor has developed automotive, chemical, and food industries; [72] its outlying areas are used for agriculture. [73] During the colonization, Bogor was mostly producing coffee, rubber and high-quality timber. Chemical industry was introduced to the city at the end of the 19th century, [13] [22] and car and metal production in the 1950s, during the industrialization of independent Indonesia.

The fast economic development of the 1980s was slowed down by the crisis of the 1990s and recovered in the early 2000s; so the growth rate of the economy in Bogor was 5.78% in 2002, 6.07% in 2003 and 6.02% in 2009. [72] At the end of 2009, the Gross Regional Product (GRP) was 12.249 trillion IDR [74] (approximately US$1.287 billion [75]) and the investments amounted to 932.295 billion IDR.

[74] Despite the economic growth, the number of citizens living below the poverty level (defined by not only income, but also access to basic social services [76]) is increasing, primarily due to the inflow of poor residents from the surrounding rural areas.

In 2009, 17.45% of the population lived below the poverty level, almost twice as high than in 2006 (9.5%) [74] Minimum wage is established by the West Java Governor at 2,658,155 IDR/month. [77] Branch of economy Share in GRP (%) [78] Trade, hotel and restaurant business 30.14 Industry 28.2 Financial services 13.77 Transport and communication 9.7 Customer services 7.54 Construction 7.48 Energy and water supply 3.16 Agriculture, fishing 0.36 In 2008 there were 3,208 officially registered industrial enterprises in Bogor employing 54,268 people, more than half (32,237) of whom worked at the 114 largest companies.

[79] The outskirts of the city contain about 3,466 hectares of agricultural area, including 111 hectares of water bodies used for fishery and fish farming. [73] The main crops are rice (1165 hectares as of 2007, the annual harvest in 2003 was 9,953 tonnes), various vegetables (772 acres, 8,296 tonnes), corn (382 acres, 6,720 tonnes) and sweet potato (480 acres, 3,480 tonnes). [80] The livestock sector has 25 registered companies (as of 2007) mostly breeding cows (more than 1000 animals yielding more than 2.61 million liters of milk), sheep (about 12,000), chickens (more than 642,000) and ducks (ca.

8,000). [81] [82] About 25–30 tonnes of various species of fish are produced per year by 4 registered companies. The fishes are mostly bred artificially, in ponds and paddy fields. [83] Breeding aquarium fish and also catching them in their natural habitat is an important industry sector, which yielded US$367,000 from 2008 export sales only, mostly to Japan and Middle East. [78] A substantial part of other Bogor production, 144 billion IDR in 2008, is exported.

Examples are clothes and footwear (to US, EU, ASEAN, Canada, Australia, Russia), textiles (US, New Zealand), furniture (South Korea), car tires (ASEAN countries and South America), toys and souvenirs (Japan, Germany, Brazil), soft drinks (ASEAN countries and Middle East).

[84] [85] Most of the local sells are carried out via the eight major shopping centers, nine supermarkets and seven major markets. [84] Transport [ edit ] Bogor railway station Bogor is a major transport center of Java.

It contains 599.2 kilometers of roads (as of 2008) which cover 5.31% of the city area; 30.2 kilometers of the roads are of national and 26.8 km of prefectural importance. [86] The 22 transport lines are operated by 3,506 buses and minibuses. In addition, 10 bus routes connect the city with the nearest metropolitan area (4,612 buses) and 40 with other cities of West Java (330 buses).

[87] There are two major bus terminals, Baranangsiang and Bubulak. The former has an area of 22,100 m 2 and is dedicated to long-distance and freight traffic while the latter (area 11,850 m 2) serves urban passenger routes. [88] A separate station is dedicated to tourist coaches and buses to the nearest Soekarno–Hatta International Airport in Jakarta, located about 55 kilometers from Bogor.

[88] Recent years have seen a significant increase in the number of traditional Indonesian rickshaw ( becak) at more than 2,000 units as of 2009. [89] The Bogor railway station was built in 1881, and currently serves about 50,000 passengers and has about 70 departures and 70 arrivals per day. [88] The Bogor Paledang railway station opened in 2013 to serve trains to Sukabumi. [90] Housing and facilities [ edit ] Residential buildings occupy 26.46% of the city, or 71.11% of its built-up area; 5–14-storey buildings dominate the central part and the outlying areas are mostly built up with single-storeyed houses.

[91] [92] The population rise in the 1990s–2000s due to the inflow of external workforce sharply increased the number of substandard housing, mainly on the outskirts of the city. More than half of the slums (1,242,490 m 2) are located in northern Bogor, whereas their area is only 89,780 m 2 in the southern part of the city.

[92] [93] To improve this situation, the city administration launched a program of construction of cheap housing types (light prefabricated houses) in western Bogor. These houses combine reasonable rent ($22 per year [94]) at acceptable living conditions. [91] Electricity to Bogor is supplied by the Indonesian state company Perusahaan Listrik Negara, which serves the provinces of West Java and Banten. Electricity is provided by more than ten regional thermal and hydroelectric power plants via two local transformer stations located in the Bogor districts of Cimahpar and Cibilong.

[95] Whereas most of the houses (excluding some slum areas) are provided with electricity, street lighting covers only 35.38% of the city (4,193 light sources, as of 2007), however, the number of street lights is increasing at an annual rate of 10–15%. [96] As of 2009, only 47% of Bogor is provided with clean tap water through a centralized water supply systems managed by state-owned Tirta Pakuan.

[97] The municipal system takes water from rivers Cisadane (1240 liters per second), and three natural sources: Kota Batu, Bentar-Kambing and Tangka (410 liters per second).

Although the water network has a total length of 741 kilometers and covers about 70% of the city, connection to it is often problematic for financial and technical reasons. More than half of residents use water wells or natural reservoirs. [97] Garbage collection service covers 67% of the urban area.

From about 800,000 m 3 of waste per year, about 90% is buried at an external landfill at Galuga, about 7% is recycled for compost and about 3% is burned in five incinerators within the city. [98] The seven cemeteries of Bogor are named by the city districts as Cilendek, Kayumanis, Situgede, Mulyaharja, Blender, Dreded and Gunung Gadung. The first six have the status of "public cemeteries" ( Indonesian: Tempat pemakaman umum), and have no restrictions by religion or ethnicity.

However, given the religious composition of Bogor, the cemeteries are predominantly Muslim, and Christian graves are located either in separate areas of cemeteries or in a small cemetery adjacent to churches. [99] Some mosques also have small burial plots. [100] Graves for the poor and nameless are mostly located at Kayumanis, [101] and Gunung Gadung cemetery is restricted to Chinese residents. [102] Education and science [ edit ] Bogor is one of the major scientific and educational centers in Indonesia.

A significant part of academic and research base was laid in the period of Dutch colonization. In particular, since the beginning of the 19th century, there were established laboratories and professional schools focused primarily on improving the efficiency of colonial agriculture. [13] [22] [23] In the late 19th – early 20th centuries major scientific institutions were established – the Research Institute and Rubber Research Institute of Forest. [103] [104] The prevailing profile of research and academic activity was retained in Bogor Indonesia after gaining independence.

As in the second half of the 20th century, in the 2000s the strongest areas were agricultural, biology, and veterinary sciences. The main educational and scientific center with the utmost national importance is IPB University, which in addition to educational facilities, includes dozens of research centers and laboratories.

[105] [106] Bogor hosts the global headquarters of the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), an international organization conducting research on forestry and human development.

[107] [108] The headquarters of the Organisation for the Preservation of Birds and their Habitat are also in Bogor. Veterinary schools and laboratories existed in Buitenzorg (Bogor) from the period of Dutch colonization. Photo 1907.

Education Percentage of the population [78] Less than 6 classes 24.3 Elementary school (grades 1–6) 29.3 Secondary school (grades 7–9) 16 High schools (grades 10–12) 23.2 Bachelor 3.1 Master and above 4.1 Educational institutions of Bogor [55] Type Number of institutions (public/private) Number of students Number of teachers Kindergartens 154 (1/153) 7,194 (175/7,019) 765 (11/754) Schools for handicap children 9 (0/9) 408 (0/408) 78 (0/78) Elementary schools 288 (248/40) 97,794 (84,289/13,505) 5,004 (4,267/737) Secondary schools 115 (19/96) 43,153 (18,867/24,286) 2,634 (892/1,742) High schools 50 (10/40) 22,349 (9,450/12,899) 1558 (566/992) Technical schools 63 (no data) 28,375 (3,334/25,041) 1826 (246/1,580) Universities 15 (5/10) 16,998 (12,304/4,694) 1,787 (1,225/562) The literacy rate in Bogor (98.7%) is relatively high for Indonesia.

{/INSERTKEYS}

{INSERTKEYS} [55] IPB University ( Indonesian: Institut Pertanian Bogor) is the main agricultural university of the country. It was founded in 1963 based on the agricultural college, which was established back in the 19th century by the Dutch colonial administration.

[105] [109] The largest private universities are Pakuan, Juanda, Nusa Bangsa and Ibn Khaldun. [109] In addition to regular schools, there are over 700 Muslim schools ( madrasah) and several Christian schools and colleges. [55] Most scientific research in Bogor is carried out in agriculture, soil science, dendrology, veterinary and ichthyology. [105] [106] More specific areas include natural pesticides and repellents, intercropping, industrial applications of essential oils and natural alkaloids, increasing yields of various kinds of pepper, improving preservation processes, etc.

[110] Culture [ edit ] Bogor was the capital of the Sundanese kingdom in the Middle Ages. Sundanese culture was dominant in the same way as the city of Bandung. Bogor is one of the leading cities of Indonesia by the number of museums, some of which are among the oldest and largest in the country. [111] The Zoological Museum ( Indonesian: Museum Zoologi) which was opened in 1894 by the Dutch colonial administration as an adjunct to the Botanic Gardens and contains thousands of exhibits.

[112] Other prominent museums are more recent. The museum of ethnobotany ( Indonesian: Museum Etnobotani) was opened in 1982 and has more than 2000 exhibits; [113] the museum of the earth ( Indonesian: Museum Tanah, 1988) displays hundreds of soil and rock samples from different parts of Indonesia; [114] the museum of the struggle ( Indonesian: Museum Perjuangan, 1957) is devoted to the history of the Indonesian national liberation movement; [115] and Pembela Tanah Air Museum (1996) reflects the history of the Indonesian military militia PETA (Pembela Tanah Air – "Defenders of the Motherland") created during World War II by the Japanese occupation administration.

[116] The city has a drama theater, [117] dozens of movie theaters, nine of which (as of mid-2010) are built to international standards. [118] The presidential palace, administrative buildings, and universities regularly host art exhibitions, and there are regular festivals of folk art, conferences, and culture-related seminars, such as the Congress of Indonesian culture ( Indonesian: Kongres Kebudayaan Indonesia) of 2008.

[119] Health [ edit ] The first hospitals were established in Bogor in the first half of the 19th century by the Dutch authorities. By the early 20th century, there were several civilian hospitals, a military hospital, [120] and a large psychiatric hospital with doctors from Europe and North America.

[121] In the 1930s, the Dutch Red Cross Society hospital became the largest in the city. Most of the existing hospitals and clinics were built in the 1980s–1990s. [122] They include 10 hospitals, 373 private clinics, 51 single-doctor clinics, and 134 pharmacies and drug stores, and employ 274 general practitioners, 122 dentists, 74 sanitation doctors, 37 radiologists (X-ray), 141 gynaecologists, 32 nutritionists, 55 assistants, 710 nurses, 63 pharmacists, and 99 doctors of other specialties.

[55] [122] 2 new hospitals are founded in 2014 The 14 hospitals of Bogor are: • Hospital of the Indonesian Red Cross Society ( Indonesian: Rumah Sakit Palang Merah Indonesia) – general, the oldest in the city • General Hospital of Bogor City ( Indonesian: Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Kota Bogor) – general, owned by the city government, formerly Karya Bhakti [123] • Salak ( Indonesian: Rumah Sakit Salak) – general, owned by the Indonesian Army • Atang Sanjaya ( Indonesian: Rumah Sakit TNI AU Atang Sanjaya) – general, owned by the Indonesian Air Force, located in airbase area • Bogor Medical Centre – general practitioners, private • Islamic Hospital ( Indonesian: Rumah Sakit Islam) – general • Azra ( Indonesian: Rumah Sakit Azra) – general • Melania ( Indonesian: Rumah Sakit Melania) – women and children • Hermina ( Indonesian: Rumah Sakit Hermina) – women and children • Marzuki Mahdi ( Indonesian: Rumah Sakit Marzuki Mahdi) – infectious diseases and psychiatric hospital • Mulia ( Indonesian: Rumah Sakit Mulia)- general • Vania ( Indonesian: Rumah Sakit Vania)- general, founded in 1 Nov 2014 [124] • BMC ( Indonesian: Rumah Sakit Bogor Medical Center)- general • EMC Sentul City( Indonesian: Rumah Sakit EMC)- general Media [ edit ] Bogor has three daily Indonesian-language newspapers [125] – Radar Bogor, founded in 1998, Pakuan Raya founded in 2005 and Jurnal Bogor, founded in 2008.

they print in about 25,000 copies and have electronic versions. Bogor offices also partly print part some Sundanese and national newspapers. There are a few magazines and scientific publications of the local universities. The two municipal TV channels, Bogor TV and Megaswara TV, broadcast at UHF channel 25 over the city and nearby areas of West Java. [126] There are also at least 30 local radio stations, of which 20 are in the FM and 10 in the AM range.

[127] Sport [ edit ] As of March 2010, the Bogor teams were registered in 28 sports to participate in national and regional competitions conducted by the National Sports Committee of Indonesia ( Indonesian: Komite Nasional Olahraga Indonesia). At the Java competitions, Bogor athletes took 5 gold medals instead of the planned 42.

[128] [129] The largest among 15 sports organizations [55] is the Bogor Football Union ( Indonesian: Persatuan Sepakbola Bogor), headed by the current Mayor Diani Budiarto. The local football team "PSB Bogor" has never won in the national championships. [130] The local Stadium Pajajaran can accommodate 25,000 spectators. [131] Travel and places [ edit ] Lily pond in the Bogor Botanical Garden At a national tourism exhibition of 2010 in Jakarta, Bogor was recognized as the most attractive tourist city in Indonesia.

[132] The city and its surrounding area are visited by about 1.8 million people per year, of whom more than 60,000 are foreigners. [133] The main tourist attraction is the Bogor Botanical Garden.

{/INSERTKEYS}

Founded in 1817, it contains more than 6,000 species of tropical plants. Besides, about 42 bird species breed within the garden, although this number is declining and was 62 before 1952. [134] The garden's 87-hectare area within the city was supplemented in 1866 by a 120-hectare park in suburban town of Cibodas.

[135] [136] Much of the original rainforest was preserved within the garden providing specimens for scientific studies. The garden was also enriched by collections of palms, bamboos, cacti, orchids and ornamental trees. It became famous in the late 19th century and was visited by naturalists from abroad to conduct scientific research. For example, the Russian St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences had a Buitenzorg scholarship for young scientists to work at Bogor.

[135] The staff of Bogor garden also administer three other major gardens of Iindonesia: the Cibodas Botanical Garden founded 1862 in West Java, the Purwodadi Botanical Garden in East Java and the Bali Botanic Garden founded in 1959 on Bali island. [137] Bogor Cathedral Photo 1920 Another tourist attraction is the presidential palace with the total area of 28 hectares, including 1.8492 hectares of the palace buildings. The palace is surrounded by a park with a small pond.

[135] [138] The park is home to a herd of tame deer and is open to the public most of the year. The palace is accessible during holidays, such as the City Day and Independence Day; it has a collection of 450 paintings and 360 sculptures. [135] The city and its suburbs contain dozens of medieval stone stelae (prasasti). Fifteen prasasti of the greatest historical and cultural value are collected in a special pavilion in the district of Batutulis.

[139] In the western part of Bogor there is a large lake Gede (area 6 hectares) surrounded by the reserved forest area and a forest park. In the protected area there are several research facilities, and the recreation areas host sports activities, boating, and fishing. [140] [141] On the grounds of the botanic garden, there is a cemetery established in 1784. [142] It contains 42 historical graves of the Dutch colonial officials, military officers, and scientists, who served in Bogor, Jakarta, and other cities in West Java from the late 18th to early 20th centuries.

[142] Nearby, there are three graves from the early Sunda Kingdom (15th century): the wife of the founder of Bogor Silivangi, Galuh Mangku Alam, vizier Ba'ul, and commander Japra. The locals regard these individuals as the city's patrons. [143] Other historical places are Bogor Cathedral – built in 1750, it is one of the oldest operational Catholic churches in Indonesia, [144] and the Buddhist temple Hok Tek Bio, built in 1672 in the classical southern Chinese style.

It is the first Buddhist temple in Bogor and one of the oldest in Indonesia. The Jaksa Waterfall is located near the city. It is located within a picturesque lowland rainforest setting. Bogor launched a bus service that can accommodate 25 passengers who start their tour at the Bogor Botanical Garden. The bus route will start from Botanical Square and end at the same place.

The service was unveiled by the mayor of Bogor Bima Arya on 1 January 2017. This bus is called UNCAL, which means "Unforgettable City Tour at Lovable City". Besides all the tourist attractions above, Bogor also offers a variety of shopping malls or stores including Botani Square, Bogor Trade Mall, Lippo Plaza, Plaza Indah Bogor, etc. [145] Pura Kajatkarta Hindu temple The Pura Kagatkarta is a striking Hindu temple located not far to the west of Buddhist center samarinda. It is on the northern slopes of Gunung Salak in Ciapus, Tamansari subdistrict, and is easily accessible by car from Bogor.

Notable people [ edit ] The list includes only people with Wikipedia pages in at least three languages. • Adriaan Fokker (1887–1972) – Dutch physicist • Hein ter Poorten (1887–1968) – Commander of the armed forces of the Dutch East Indies in the early second World War II • Ru den Hamer (1917–1988) – Dutch Olympic water polo player • Ayu Utami (born 1968) – Indonesian writer • Rudi Soedjarwo (born 1971) – Indonesian playwright • Suzzanna (1942–2008) – Indonesian actress • Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas (born 1931) – Muslim scholar • Jimi Bellmartin (1949–2021) – Dutch singer and Voice Senior winner Sister cities [ edit ] This section needs additional citations for verification.

Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Bogor" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( December 2020) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) • Lumapas, Brunei Darussalam • St.

Louis, Missouri, United States • Lloró, Colombia • Gödöllõ, Hungary • Salak Tinggi, Malaysia See also [ edit ] • List of twin towns and sister cities in Indonesia Further reading [ edit ] • "Klenteng Hok Tek Bio". Official Site of Bogor City (in Indonesian). Pemerintah Kota Bogor.

28 April 2008. Archived from the original on 12 March 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2010. References [ edit ] • ^ a b c d "Letak geografis kota Bogor". Official Site of Bogor City (in Indonesian). Pemerintah Kota Bogor. Retrieved 18 May 2010. • ^ a b "Visualisasi Data Kependudukan - Kementerian Dalam Negeri 2021" (visual). www.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id.

Retrieved 10 February 2022. • ^ "Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Jawa Barat". • ^ [1] Archived 8 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine Estimasi Penduduk Menurut Umur Tunggal Dan Jenis Kelamin 2014 Kementerian Kesehatan • ^ Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011. • ^ a b Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021. • ^ Iskandar, Buddhist center samarinda (1997). Sejarah Jawa Barat: Yuganing Rajakawasa (in Indonesian). Bandung: Geger Sunten.

p. 14. • ^ a b c d e f "History of Bogor City". Archived from the original on 12 August 2011. Retrieved 28 May 2010. • ^ Hadinoto, Pandji R. (26 June 2009). "Jakarta : Lima Belas Abad Menghadang Banjir" (in Indonesian). Retrieved 28 Buddhist center samarinda 2010. • ^ "Pakuan ibukota Kerajaan Sunda" (in Indonesian). Retrieved 28 May 2010. • ^ a b c d "Bogor Tunas Pajajaran" (in Indonesian). Retrieved 29 May 2010.

• ^ "Sundanese people" (in Russian). Etnolog.ru. Retrieved 28 May 2010. • ^ a b c d e f g h "Asal dan arti nama Pakuan" (in Indonesian). Retrieved 29 May buddhist center samarinda. • ^ "Юго-Восточной Азии цивилизация (Civilization of South-East Asia)" (in Russian). Kolier Encyclopedia. Retrieved 18 June 2010. • ^ Bulat, Vladmir. "Political map of Eurasia, 700 AD". Retrieved 18 June 2010. • ^ "Bogor" (in Russian).

Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 20 August 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2010. • ^ a b c d "Sejarah pemerintahan di kota Bogor". Official Site of Bogor City (in Indonesian). Pemerintah Kota Bogor. Retrieved 17 May 2010. • ^ "Sejarah kota Bogor" (in Indonesian). Retrieved 21 June 2010. • ^ Всемирная история (World History) (in Russian). Vol. 4. Moscow: Мысль. 1958. p. 654. • ^ Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. Moscow. 1969–1978. p. 612. • ^ a b c d "Peraturan Daerah Kota Depok nomor 01 tahun 1999" (in Indonesian).

Walikota Depok. 1999. Retrieved 21 June 2010. • ^ buddhist center samarinda b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Cerita perjalanan" (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 21 June 2010. • ^ a b c d e Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Buitenzorg". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 770. • ^ "Sejarah wilayah Bogor".

Buddhist center samarinda Website of Bogor. Retrieved 17 June 2010. • ^ a b c "Pembukaan. 1. Asal dan Arti Nama Bogor" (in Indonesian). Retrieved 1 October 2010. • ^ Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.

1996. p. 140. • ^ "RAFFLES, Thomas Stamford. The History of Java". Archived from the original on 12 July 2011. Retrieved 16 June 2010. • ^ Sharon E. Kingsland (2005) The evolution of American ecology, 1890–2000, ISBN 0-8018-8171-4, p. 30 • ^ a b V. M. Kotlyakov, ed. (2006). Богор (in Russian). Yekaterinburg: Dictionary of modern geographical names. Retrieved 28 May 2010. • ^ "Bogor Palace to hold open house for city anniversary celebration".

Jakarta Post. 6 March 2010. Archived from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 21 June 2010. • ^ Solahuddin, Edwin (28 February 2009). "Japanese Invaded Java". VIVA news. Archived from the original on 29 March 2012.

Retrieved 16 June 2010. • ^ "Sejarah Perjuangan Ummat Buddhist center samarinda Indonesia" (in Indonesian). 6 January 2004. Retrieved 16 Buddhist center samarinda 2010. • ^ "Indonesian States 1946–1950". Ben Cahoon. Retrieved 16 June 2010. • ^ a b c Всемирная история. Vol. 12. Moscow: Мысль. 1979. pp. 356–359. • ^ a b Pimanov, К. "Indonesia" (in Russian). Энциклопедия "Кругосвет" (Encycloopedia Krugosvet).

Retrieved 16 June 2010. • ^ "Undang-Undang no. 16 tahun 1950 tentang pembentukan daerah-daerah kota besar dalam lingkungan propinsi Djawa Timur, Djawa Tengah, Djawa Barat dan dalam daerah istimewa Jogjakarta (Law of Indonesia No.

16 1950 on creation of settlements in Eastern Java, Central Java, Wester, Java and Jacarta)" (in Indonesian). Retrieved 16 June 2010. • ^ "Istana Bogor" (in Indonesian). Retrieved 16 June 2010. • ^ Sarasvati, Ayu (29 October 2007). "Report on Climate Change Ministerial in Bogor to Prepare for Bali".

TWN. Retrieved 16 June 2010. • ^ "APEC Economic Leaders' Declaration of Common Resolve". 15 November 1994. Archived from the original on 4 November 2010. Retrieved 16 June 2010. • ^ Haryanto, Ulma (15 January 2011). "Delight After Indonesia's Highest Court Backs Bogor Church". Jakarta Globe. Archived from the original on 16 January 2011.

Retrieved 16 January 2011. • ^ a b c d e "Potensi Kota". Official Site of Bogor City (in Indonesian). Pemerintah Kota Bogor. 23 January 2007. Retrieved 28 May 2010. • ^ "Topografi". Official Site of Bogor City (in Indonesian). Pemerintah Kota Bogor.

1 March 2007. Retrieved 25 June 2010. • ^ a b "Geologi". Official Site of Bogor City (in Indonesian). Pemerintah Kota Bogor. 1 March 2007. Retrieved 25 June 2010. • ^ "Taman Kota". Official Site of Bogor City (in Indonesian). Pemerintah Kota Bogor. 1 March 2007. Retrieved 9 September 2010. • ^ "Penggunaan Lahan". Official Site of Bogor City (in Indonesian). Pemerintah Kota Bogor. 23 Buddhist center samarinda 2007. Retrieved 19 May 2010. • ^ "Bogor climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Bogor weather averages".

en.climate-data.org. • ^ "Direktori & Informasi Lingkungan Bogor" (in Indonesian). Retrieved 18 May 2010. • ^ "Kota Hujan" (in Indonesian). Retrieved 18 May 2010. • ^ "Bogor climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Bogor weather averages". bogorkota.bps.go.id. • ^ Ripley, George; Charles Anderson Dana (1867). The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge. Vol. 4. Appleton.

• ^ a b c d e "Hasil Olah Cepat Sensus Penduduk 2010, Warga Kota Bogor 949 Ribu Jiwa". Official Site of Bogor City (in Indonesian).

Pemerintah Kota Bogor. 16 August 2010. Retrieved 7 September 2010. • ^ "Penduduk Kota Bogor". Badan Pusat Statistik Kota Bogor.

Badan Pusat Statistik Kota Bogor. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 5 December 2015. • ^ "BPS-Laci 3.0". laci.bps.go.id. Retrieved 5 February 2019. [ permanent dead link] • ^ Manurung, Teguh V.A. (2008). "Kehidupan Masyarakat Kota Bogor" (in Indonesian). Retrieved 28 May 2010. • ^ a b c d e f g "Profil Daerah Kota Bogor" (in Indonesian). 15 January 2010. Archived from the original on 2 October 2010. Retrieved 21 September 2010. • ^ "Profil Kesehatan 2006" (PDF) (in Indonesian).

Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 4 July buddhist center samarinda. • ^ "Info CPNS Bogor 2010". Archived from the original on 3 October 2009. Retrieved 11 August 2010.

• ^ a b Priliawito, Eko (3 June 2010). "Warga Padati Balaikota Rayakan HUT Bogor" (in Indonesian). Metro. Archived from the original on 29 March 2012. Retrieved 8 June 2010. • ^ Sutawijaya, Alam. "Komodo Dreamland" (in Indonesian).

Pusat bahasa (Ministry of Education and Culture of Indonesia). Retrieved 8 June 2010. [ permanent dead link] • ^ "Bahasa Sunda Bogor lebih keras" (in Indonesian). Forum Detik. Archived from the original on 20 August 2011. Retrieved 8 June 2010. • ^ "Selepas Sahur Ribuan Umat Islam Penuhi Masjid". Official Site of Bogor City (in Indonesian). Pemerintah Kota Bogor.

2 September 2008. Buddhist center samarinda 28 May 2010. • ^ "Portal Keuskupan Bogor" (in Indonesian).

Keuskupan Bogor. Buddhist center samarinda 28 May 2010. • ^ "Gereja Kristen Pasundan Bogor" (in Indonesian). GKP Bogor. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 28 May 2010. • ^ "Direktori jemaat" (in Indonesian). Gereja Protestan di Indonesia bagian Barat. Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 28 May 2010. • ^ Darmasapurtra, Metta (22 May 2006).

"Agama-Agama Tak Mungkin Disamakan" (in Indonesian). Jaringan Islam Liberal. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2010. • ^ a b "Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 32 Tahun 2004 Tentang Pemerinahan Daerah (Indonesian Law No.32 2004 on Local Administration)" (in Indonesian).

Retrieved 21 February 2010. • ^ a b "Struktur organisasi pemerintahan daerah kota Bogor". Official Site of Bogor City (in Indonesian). Pemerintah Kota Bogor. 26 February 2007. Retrieved 21 May 2010. • ^ "Kepala daerah". Official Site of Bogor City (in Indonesian). Pemerintah Kota Bogor. Retrieved 21 May 2010. • ^ "Profil Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Kota Bogor 2009". Official Site of Bogor City (in Indonesian). Pemerintah Kota Bogor. 2009. Retrieved 21 May 2010. • ^ "Fraksi". Official Site of Bogor City (in Indonesian).

Pemerintah Kota Bogor. 2009 .

Retrieved 21 May 2010. • ^ "Lambang Kota Bogor". Official Site of Bogor City (in Indonesian). Pemerintah Kota Bogor. 2009.

Retrieved 21 May 2010. • ^ a b "Industri". Official Site of Bogor City (in Indonesian). Pemerintah Kota Bogor. 23 January 2007.

Retrieved 24 June 2010. • buddhist center samarinda a b Hamdi, Saeful (22 December 2009). "Sektor Perdagangan" (in Indonesian). Badan Pelayanan Perizinan Terpadu Kota Bogor. Archived from the original on buddhist center samarinda March 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2010. • ^ a b c "Wakil Walikota Sampaikan Kebijakan Umum APBD 2011". Official Site of Bogor City (in Indonesian). Pemerintah Kota Bogor.

4 August 2010. Retrieved 13 September 2010. • ^ "Kota Bogor". USD (US Dollars) to IDR (Indonesian Rupiahs) exchange rate for 1 November 2009. 1 November 2009. Archived from the original on 20 August 2011. Retrieved 25 June 2010. • ^ "Masalah Kemiskinan". Official Site of Bogor City (in Indonesian).

Pemerintah Kota Buddhist center samarinda. 1 March 2007. Retrieved 24 June 2010. • ^ Media, Kompas Cyber (22 November 2014). "Ini UMK Jawa Barat 2015". KOMPAS.com. • ^ a b c "Kota Bogor" (in Indonesian). Konrad Adenauer Stiftung and Soegeng Sarjadi Syndicate. 2009. Archived from the original on 16 November 2010. Retrieved 25 June 2010. • ^ Hamdi, Saeful (22 December 2009). "Sektor Industri" (in Indonesian). Badan Pelayanan Perizinan Terpadu Kota Bogor. Archived from the original on 22 March 2013.

Retrieved 26 June 2010. • ^ "Agribisnis". Official Site of Bogor City (in Indonesian). Pemerintah Kota Bogor. 23 January 2010. Retrieved 13 September 2010. • ^ "Target dan Realisasi Panen Tanaman Padi, Palawija dan Hortikultura". Official Site of Bogor City (in Indonesian). Pemerintah Kota Bogor.

1 March 2007. Retrieved 27 June 2010. • ^ "Domba." Official Site of Bogor City (in Buddhist center samarinda. Pemerintah Kota Bogor. 1 March 2007. Retrieved 27 June 2010. • ^ "Jumlah RTP di Kolam Air Deras." Official Site of Bogor City (in Indonesian).

Pemerintah Kota Bogor. 1 March 2007. Retrieved 27 June 2010. • ^ a b Hamdi, Saeful (22 December 2009). "Sektor Perdagangan" (in Indonesian). Badan Pelayanan Perizinan Terpadu Kota Bogor.

Archived from the original on 22 March 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2010. • ^ "Ekspor". Official Site of Bogor City (in Indonesian). Pemerintah Kota Bogor. 23 January 2007. Retrieved 27 June 2010.

• ^ Hamdi, Saeful (22 December 2009). "Sektor Pemukiman dan Prasarana Wilayah" (in Indonesian). Badan Pelayanan Perizinan Terpadu Kota Bogor. Archived from the original on 22 March 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2010. • ^ "Jumlah Angkutan Umum Kota Bogor". Official Site of Bogor City (in Indonesian).

Pemerintah Kota Bogor. 1 March 2007. Retrieved 27 June 2010. • ^ a b c "Untuk melayani." Official Site of Bogor City (in Indonesian). Pemerintah Kota Bogor. 1 March 2007. Retrieved 27 June 2010. • ^ "Becak Tambah Banyak di Bogor" (in Indonesian).

Kompas. 23 October 2009. Retrieved 9 July 2010. • ^ "PT Kereta Api Aktifkan Kembali KA Bogor-Sukabumi". Republika Online (in Indonesian). 10 November 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2018. • ^ a b "Rumah Susun Sewa". Official Site of Bogor City (in Indonesian). Pemerintah Kota Bogor. 23 January 2007. Retrieved 9 September 2010. • ^ a b "Kondisi Geografis" (in Indonesian). Badan Perencana Pembangunan Daerah Kota Bogor. 9 February 2009. Archived from the original on 12 August 2011. Retrieved 9 September 2010.

• ^ "Kawasan Kumuh". Official Site of Bogor City (in Indonesian). Pemerintah Kota Bogor. 1 March 2007. Retrieved 9 September 2010.

• ^ "Foreign exchange rate data – Indonesian rupiah – IDR – Indonesia" (in Indonesian). RatesFX. 8 September 2010. Retrieved 9 September 2010. • ^ "Info PLN" (in Indonesian). PT PLN (Persero) Distribusi Jawa Barat dan Banten. 2010. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 9 September 2010. • ^ "Penerangan Kota".

Official Site of Bogor City (in Indonesian). Pemerintah Kota Bogor. 1 March 2007. Retrieved 9 September 2010. • ^ a b "PDAM Kota Bogor Tirta Pakuan" (in Indonesian). PDAM Kota Bogor Tirta Pakuan. 2010. Archived from the original on 20 August 2011. Retrieved 9 September 2010. • ^ "Layanan Kebersihan".

Official Site of Bogor City (in Indonesian). Pemerintah Kota Bogor. 1 March 2007. Retrieved 9 September 2010. • ^ "Pemkot Tambah Lahan TPU" (in Indonesian). PDAM Kota Bogor Tirta Pakuan. 5 February 2010.

Retrieved 9 September 2010. • ^ Damayanti, Rizky (28 August 2010). "Makam Abah Falak Sering Dikunjungi" (in Indonesian).

Kampoeng Bogor. Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 9 September 2010. buddhist center samarinda ^ Paragoan, Wiana (5 February 2010). "Antisipasi Korban Lalin saat Lebaran, Lubang Kuburan Disiapkan" (in Indonesian).

Republika. Retrieved 9 September 2010. • ^ Pardede, Muhammad Tamim (12 June 2010). "Ki Gendeng Pamungkas. Posko Komite Gerakan Anti Cina" (in Indonesian). Beta Politikana. Archived from the original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 9 September 2010. • ^ Honig, Pieter; Verdoorn, Frans.

"Transcultural Science and Scientists in the Netherlands Indies". Retrieved 10 September 2010. • ^ "Buwalda, Pieter". National Herbarium Nederland. Retrieved 10 September 2010. • ^ a b c "Institut Pertanian Bogor" (in Indonesian).

2010. Retrieved 6 July 2010. • ^ a b "Lembaga Penelitian". Official Site of Bogor City (in Indonesian). Pemerintah Kota Bogor. 2 February 2007. Retrieved 6 July 2010. • ^ "About CIFOR". Archived from the original on 9 November 2010.

Retrieved 13 August 2010. • ^ "Groupe Consultatif pour la Recherche Agricole Internationale" (in Spanish, French, German, and Russian). Archived from the original on 11 May 2012. Retrieved 13 August 2010. • ^ a b "Universities of Indonesia". 2010. Archived from the original on 20 August 2011. Retrieved 6 July 2010. • ^ "Morphological Characteristic of Indian Galanga Flower (Kaemferia galanga L.)" buddhist center samarinda Indonesian).

Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian (Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture). 25 August 2009. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011.

Retrieved 13 September 2010. • ^ "Bidang Kebudayaan" (in Indonesian). Dinas Informasi, Kepariwisataan dan Kebudayaan Kota Bogor. Archived from the original on 5 July 2008. Retrieved 1 July 2010. • ^ "Museum Zoologi". Official Site of Bogor City (in Indonesian). Pemerintah Kota Bogor. 28 April 2008. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011.

Retrieved 1 July 2010. • ^ "Museum Etnobotani". Official Site of Bogor City (in Indonesian). Pemerintah Kota Bogor. 28 April 2008. Retrieved 1 July 2010. • ^ "Museum Tanah". Official Site of Bogor City (in Indonesian). Pemerintah Kota Bogor. 28 April 2008. Retrieved 1 July 2010. • ^ "Museum Perjuangan". Official Site of Bogor City (in Indonesian). Pemerintah Kota Bogor. 28 April 2008. Retrieved 1 July 2010. • ^ "Museum PETA". Official Site of Bogor City (in Indonesian).

Pemerintah Kota Bogor. buddhist center samarinda April 2008. Retrieved 1 July 2010. • ^ "Drama dan Teater" (in Indonesian).

Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 3 July 2010. • ^ "Bogor" (in Buddhist center samarinda. Cinema 21. 3 July 2010. Archived from the original on 15 May 2007. Retrieved 3 July 2010. • ^ Saranta, Anggit (15 December 2008). "Bogor tetap Buitenzorg" (in Indonesian). Buddhist center samarinda Bogor. Retrieved 3 July 2010. • ^ "History of Bogor Botanic Garden". Archived from the original on 19 January 2010. Retrieved 10 September 2010. • ^ "Transcultural Psychiatry: Personal Experiences and Canadian Buddhist center samarinda.

June 2000. Retrieved 10 September 2010. • ^ a b "Direktori Bogor: Rumah Sakit" (in Indonesian). 2010. Archived from the original on 26 September 2010. Retrieved 10 September 2010.

• ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 1 November 2015. Retrieved 11 October 2015. {{ cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link) • ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 7 July 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2015. {{ cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link) • ^ "Koran Daerah – Jawa (list of regional newspapers of Java)" (in Indonesian). Endonesia. Archived from the original on 18 October 2011. Retrieved 28 Buddhist center samarinda 2010. • ^ "Local Television Stations in Indonesia".

Retrieved 28 June 2010. • ^ "Radio Stations in Bogor, West Java, Indonesia". Retrieved 28 June 2010. • ^ "Tembus Lima Besar, KONI Kota Bogor Targetkan Raih 42 Medali Emas". Official Site of Bogor City (in Indonesian). Pemerintah Kota Bogor. 29 June 2010. Retrieved 29 July 2010. • ^ "Jelang Penutupan Sabet Lima Emas". Official Site of Bogor City (in Indonesian).

Pemerintah Kota Bogor. 13 July 2010. Retrieved 29 July 2010. • ^ "Musta PSB Tujuk Walikota Bogor Sebagai Ketua PSB". Official Site of Bogor City (in Indonesian).

Pemerintah Kota Bogor. 26 May 2010. Retrieved 29 July 2010. • ^ "Stadiums in Indonesia". Retrieved 29 July 2010. • ^ "Bogor Terpilih Jadi Kota Pariwisata" (in Indonesian). Bogor.net – Media online Bogor. 1 June 2010.

Retrieved 28 June 2010. • ^ "Wisatan ke Bogor." (in Indonesian). Berita Wisata. 13 March 2008. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 2 July 2010. • ^ Patrick L. Osborne Tropical ecosystems and ecological concepts, Cambridge University Press, 2000, ISBN 0-521-64523-9 p. 277 • ^ a b c d "Tentang Kebun Raya Bogor (Botanic Garden of Bogor)" (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 24 August 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2010. • ^ "Kebun Raya Bogor". Official Site of Bogor City (in Indonesian).

Pemerintah Kota Bogor. 28 April 2008. Archived from the original on 12 March 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2010. • ^ "Indonesia Botanical Gardens". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. • ^ "Istana Bogor". Official Site of Bogor City (in Indonesian). Pemerintah Kota Bogor. 24 April 2008 .

Retrieved 6 July 2010. • ^ "Batutulis". Official Site of Bogor City (in Indonesian). Pemerintah Kota Bogor. 28 April 2008. Retrieved 6 July 2010. • ^ "Situ Gede, Salah Satu Potensi Wisata Alam Kota Bogor" (in Indonesian).

Pemerintah Kota Bogor. Archived from the original on 26 June 2006. Retrieved 13 August 2008. • ^ "Situ Gede". Official Site of Bogor City (in Indonesian). Pemerintah Kota Bogor. 28 April 2008. Retrieved 6 July 2010. • ^ a b Aroengbinang (15 January 2010). "Kuburan Belanda". Retrieved 9 September 2010. • ^ "Menengok Mbah Japra 'Penjaga' Kota Bogor" (in Indonesian). MSN News.

9 June 2010. Retrieved 9 September 2010. • ^ "Gereja Katedral". Official Site of Bogor City (in Indonesian). Pemerintah Kota Bogor. 28 April 2008. Retrieved 6 July 2010. • ^ "PARIWISATA : Wisata Belanja". direktori.kotabogor.go.id. Retrieved 28 December 2019. External links [ edit ] • Media related to Bogor (city) at Wikimedia Commons • Bogor travel guide from Wikivoyage • Official website (in Indonesian) Rank Name Province Pop.

Rank Name Province Pop. Jakarta Surabaya 1 Jakarta Jakarta 10,562,088 11 South Tangerang Banten 1,354,350 Bekasi Bandung 2 Surabaya East Java 2,874,314 12 Batam Riau Islands 1,196,396 3 Bekasi West Java 2,543,676 13 Bandar Lampung Lampung 1,166,066 4 Bandung West Java 2,444,160 14 Bogor West Java 1,043,070 5 Medan North Sumatra 2,435,252 15 Pekanbaru Riau 983,356 6 Depok West Java 2,056,335 16 Padang West Sumatra 909,040 7 Tangerang Banten 1,895,486 17 Malang East Java 843,810 8 Palembang South Sumatra 1,668,848 18 Samarinda East Kalimantan 827,994 9 Semarang Central Java 1,653,524 19 Denpasar Bali 725,314 10 Makassar South Sulawesi 1,423,877 20 Tasikmalaya West Java 716,155 Hidden categories: • CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id) • Webarchive template wayback links • CS1 Russian-language sources (ru) • Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference • CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru) • All articles with dead external links • Articles with dead external links from June 2020 • Articles with permanently dead external links • Articles with dead external links from July 2018 • CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) • CS1 French-language sources (fr) • CS1 German-language sources (de) • CS1 maint: archived copy as title • Use dmy dates from November 2021 • Articles with short description • Short description matches Wikidata • Pages using infobox settlement with possible buddhist center samarinda list buddhist center samarinda Coordinates on Wikidata • Articles containing Indonesian-language text • Articles needing additional references from December 2020 • All articles needing additional references • Commons category link from Wikidata • Articles with Indonesian-language sources (id) • Pages using largest cities with nav class • Articles with VIAF identifiers • Articles with WORLDCATID identifiers • Articles with GND identifiers • Articles with LCCN identifiers • Articles with NKC identifiers • Articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers • Acèh • Afrikaans • العربية • Asturianu • Azərbaycanca • تۆرکجه • Basa Bali • Bân-lâm-gú • Basa Banyumasan • Беларуская • Български • Català • Cebuano • Čeština • Deutsch • Eesti • Español • Esperanto • Euskara • فارسی • Français • 한국어 • Hrvatski • Ido • Bahasa Indonesia • Italiano • Jawa • ქართული • Latviešu • Lietuvių • Magyar • Malagasy • മലയാളം • Bahasa Melayu • Minangkabau • Nederlands • 日本語 • Norsk bokmål • Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча • Polski • Português • Română • Русский • Scots • Simple English • Српски / srpski • Sunda • Suomi • Svenska • தமிழ் • Татарча/tatarça • ไทย • Türkçe • Українська • اردو • Tiếng Việt buddhist center samarinda Winaray • 吴语 • 粵語 • 中文 Edit links • This page was last edited on 3 May 2022, at 07:06 (UTC).

• Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0 ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy.

Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. • Privacy policy • About Wikipedia • Disclaimers • Contact Wikipedia • Mobile view • Developers • Statistics • Cookie statement • •