Ratu victoria

Jakarta - Saat itu, 20 Juni 1837, Raja Inggris William Ratu victoria meninggal dalam usia 71 tahun. Ratu Victoria yang dikenal dengan Alexandrina Victoria ditunjuk menggantikan sang paman, untuk memimpin dan menjadi Ratu Inggris. Setelah penobatannya, Ratu Inggris berusia 18 tahun itu bertemu dengan sejumlah pria di Eropa yang ingin memperistrinya.

Namun dia jatuh cinta dengan Pangeran Albert dari Saxe-Coburg dan Gotha, yang merupakan sepupunya. Namun, menurut sejarawan Jane Ridley, seperti dikutip dari BBC, kisah cinta pasangan tersebut diwarnai perebutan kekuasaan. Albert mengambil alih tanggung jawab Victoria sebagai ratu. Albert mencoba untuk mengambil alih sebagian besar pekerjaan Victoria sebagai ratu saat ia tengah hamil.

Victoria tidak suka kekuasaannya sebagai ratu diambil alih sepenuhnya oleh suaminya, meski dia mengagumi bakat dan kemampuan suaminya memimpin. Victoria merasa tidak lagi pernah merasa nyaman tiap kali hamil.

Kehamilan yang berulang kali dinilainya sebagai kelinci percobaan. Begitu pula dengan menyusui, ia menganggap bahwa itu adalah praktik yang menjijikkan. Dia tak suka melakukan itu dan menderita saat melakukannya. Hubungan Victoria dengan anak sulungnya Bertie dan Edward VII sangat tidak baik.

Hal ini karena prestasi Bertie yang buruk dalam pelajaran yang diberikan oleh guru kerajaan. Ketika Bertie berusia 19 tahun, ia ikut latihan militer di Irlandia. Di sana ia bertemu dengan seorang perempuan bereputasi buruk bernama Nellie Clifden. Hingga suatu hari ia berani membawa ke kamarnya, dan berita tersebut sampai ke telinga ayahnya, Albert. Albert yang saat itu ratu victoria terpukul dengan berita tersebut, hanya dapat menulis surat panjang dengan meratapi anaknya dari kejauhan.

Hingga akhirnya, ayah dan anak ratu victoria pun dapat bertemu di Cambridge. Di bawah guyuran hujan, mereka berbicara panjang lebar. Sekembalinya ke Windsor, Albert dalam keadaan sakit parah. Tiga minggu kemudian, ia meninggal dunia karena penyakit tipus pada tahun 1861 di usia 42 tahun. Terdapat teori yang mengatakan bahwa Albert menderita penyakit Crohn, yakni radang usus kronis yang tidak dapat disembuhkan. Namun selama bertahun-tahun Victoria menyalahkan Bertie atas kematian suaminya yang stres dengan apa yang dilakukan putranya.

Bahkan ia pun tidak sudi melihat Bertie berada di dekatnya. Duka mendalam terus dirasakan oleh Victoria. Selama 40 tahun sisa hidupnya, ia hanya mengenakan gaun berwarna hitam dan menghabiskan sebagian besar waktunya berada di wilayah pengasingan. Foto: ist Meski ratu victoria diri, ia tetap memperhatikan bagaimana perkembangan anak-anaknya.

Dengan bantuan mata-mata dan informan yang diandalkannya, ia mengetahui apa yang tengah mereka lakukan dan mengontrol mereka dengan ketat. Sebagaimana yang ia terapkan pada anak perempuan tertuanya, Vicky. Saat berusia 17 tahun, ia menikah dengan pewaris takhta Prusia di Jerman. Meski jauh, Vicky tidak bisa lepas dari campur tangan ibunya. Victoria bahkan banyak menulis surat yang dikirim kepada Vicky hingga membuatnya ratu victoria karena khawatir.

Saat Vicky mengabari ibunya bahwa ia sedang hamil, Victoria malah menjawab, "Berita mengerikan. Ini membuat kami semua sedih." Selain Vicky, adiknya Alice pun ratu victoria menikah dengan pangeran Ratu victoria. Mereka sempat berkolusi untuk menentang ibu mereka yang seperti itu. Itu karena mereka harus sembunyi-sembunyi hanya ratu victoria menyusui anak-anaknya.

Hingga suatu ketika mereka ketahuan, Victoria amat sangat marah hingga memanggil mereka sapi. Perubahan pikiran Victoria sangat membingungkan. Selain itu, amarahnya juga bisa sangat menakutkan.

Dia bukan hanya ibu dari anak-anaknya tetapi juga penguasa atas hak anak-anaknya. Beatrice, bungsu dari 9 bersaudara ini diketahui sangat takut pada ibunya. Victoria tidak ingin Beatrice menikah. Ketika Beatrice mengatakan bahwa ia bertunangan dengan seorang pangeran Jerman yang tampan, Victoria menolak untuk berbicara dengannya selama enam bulan dan hanya mau merestui mereka dengan syarat pasangan tersebut tinggal bersamanya. Anaknya yang lain, Leopold, yang menderita hemofilia atau kelainan darah ini paling menderita.

Victoria bahkan menggambarkannya sebagai anak yang biasa saja. Victoria ratu victoria untuk membuatnya menjalani kehidupan yang tidak normal.

Sebagai anak laki-laki, Leopold diintimidasi oleh pelayan Highland yang merawatnya, namun Victoria tidak mendengar keluhan Leopold. Hal itu ia lakukan agar Leopold tidak pergi dari rumah, Namun pada akhirnya, bisa pergi untuk belajar di Oxford, dan meninggal pada usia 30. Victoria sangat mengendalikan putra-putranya dengan ketat. Apa yang selama itu dilakukan Victoria ternyata hanya semata-mata ingin putra-putranya tumbuh seperti Pangeran Albert.

Satu-satunya yang mirip ayahnya adalah Pangeran Arthur, yang bergelar Duke of Connaught. Dia adalah anak kesayangannya karena melakukan apa yang diperintahkan dan memiliki karier militer yang bagus. Sementara putra yang paling sering bertengkar dengan Victoria adalah si sulung Bertie. Victoria pernah mengatakan itu karena Bertie sangat mirip dengannya, yang punya temperamen meledak-ledak. Meski berperan sebagai Pangeran Wales, Victoria tidak pernah mengizinkannya mengakses dokumen pemerintah.

Tapi kisah itu berakhir ratu victoria terduga. Baca Juga : Kisah Tragis Putri Hawaii, Gagal Jadi Ratu & Meninggal karena Sakit Paru Bertie tidak pernah memutuskan hubungan dengan ibunya.

Ketika Bertie yang berumur 59 tahun akhirnya menggantikan ibunya yang mangkat pada tahun 1901 dalam usia 81 tahun, dia melakukan tugasnya dengan baik. Bertie berhasil memodernisasi sistem monarki. Ini menjadi salah satu alasan mengapa monarki Inggris selamat dari Perang Dunia I, sementara kebanyakan yang lain tidak.

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Pemerintahannya berlangsung 63 tahun, 216 hari, lebih lama dari raja atau ratu Britania Raya manapun sampai 9 September 2015 yang kemudian digantikan oleh anak sulung cicitnya, Ratu Elizabeth II sebagai penguasa Britania Raya terlama.

Victoria berhasil mempertahankan keberadaan sistem monarki di Inggris dan menjadikannya sebagai institusi politik seremonial.

[1] Pada masa pemerintahan itulah, aksi represi terhadap ratu victoria di kawasan-kawasan koloni Inggris meningkat secara signifikan. [1] Pemerintahan Victoria ditandai oleh ekspansi besar-besaran dari Imperium Britania. Era Victoria adalah puncak dari Revolusi Industri, suatu masa perubahan sosial, ekonomi, dan teknologi yang penting di Britania Raya.

Pada masa tersebut, Imperium Britania mencapai puncaknya dan menjadi suatu negara adikuasa yang digjaya. Victoria, yang hampir sepenuhnya berdarah Jerman (kecuali dari leluhurnya Sophia dari Hanover yang merupakan cucu dari garis perempuan dari James I), adalah ratu terakhir dari Dinasti Hanover; penggantinya, Raja Edward VII berasal dari Dinasti Saxe-Coburg dan Gotha.

Daftar isi • 1 Kehidupan Awal • 2 Pernikahan • 3 Anak dan Keturunan • 3.1 Gambaran Ikhtisar • 3.2 Anak dan Cucu Ratu Victoria • 4 Pemerintahan • 4.1 Gelar • 4.2 Penghargaan • 4.3 Lambang kebesaran • 5 Kematian • 6 Lihat pula • 7 Referensi • 8 Bacaan lanjutan Kehidupan Awal [ sunting - sunting sumber ] Ayah Victoria adalah Pangeran Edward, Adipati Kent dan Strathearn, putra keempat dari Raja Britania Raya saat itu, George III.

Sampai tahun 1817, keponakan Edward, Putri Charlotte dari Wales adalah satu-satunya cucu sah George III. Kematiannya pada tahun 1817, memicu krisis pewarisan takhta yang membawa tekanan kepada Adipati Kent dan saudara-saudaranya yang belum menikah untuk segera menikah dan memiliki anak.

Pada tahun 1818, ia menikahi Putri Victoria dari Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, seorang putri Jerman dan janda dengan dua anak— Carl (1804–1856) dan Feodora (1807–1872)—dari pernikahan pertamanya dengan Pangeran Leiningen.

Saudara laki-lakinya, Pangeran Leopold adalah duda Putri Charlotte. Anak satu-satunya dari Adipati dan Adipatni Kent, Victoria, lahir pada pukul 04.15 pada 24 Mei 1819 di Istana Kensington, London. Victoria dibaptis oleh Uskup Agung Canterbury, Charles Manners-Sutton di Ruang Cupola di Istana Kensington. Dia dibaptis dengan nama Alexandrina mengikuti nama salah satu orang tua baptisnya Kaisar Alexander I dari Rusia, dan Victoria mengikuti nama ibunya.

Nama tambahan yang diajukan oleh orang tuanya—Georgina (atau Georgiana), Charlotte, dan Augusta diputuskan untuk tidak digunakan setelah adanya perintah dari kakak Adipati Kent, George, Pangeran Regent.

Saat ia lahir, Victoria berada pada urutan kelima di garis pewaris takhta setelah keempat putra sulung George III: George, Pangeran Regent (kemudian George IV); Frederick, Adipati York; William, Adipati Clarence; dan ayah Victoria, Edward, Adipati Kent.

Pangeran Regent tidak mempunyai anak yang masih hidup, dan Adipati York tidak mempunyai anak; ditambah lagi, keduanya memiliki hubungan yang renggang dengan istrinya, jadi kedua kakak-beradik itu sepertinya tidak mungkin memiliki anak lagi.

Adipati Clarence dan Adipati Kent menikah pada hari ratu victoria sama pada tahun 1818, tetapi kedua putri sah Adipati Clarence (lahir pada tahun 1819 dan 1820) meninggal saat masih bayi. Ayah Victoria meninggal pada tahun 1820, ketika Victoria belum genap satu tahun. Seminggu kemudian kakeknya meninggal dan digantikan oleh putra sulungnya, George IV. Adipati York meninggal pada tahun 1817. Ketika George IV meninggal pada tahun 1830, ia digantikan oleh saudara laki-laki satu-satunya yang masih hidup, William IV, dan Victoria menjadi pewaris sementara.

Undang-Undang Perwalian tahun 1830 membuat ketentuan khusus bagi ibu Victoria untuk bertindak sebagai wali kuasa jikalau William IV meninggal ketika Victoria masih kecil. Raja William IV tidak mempercayai kemampuan ibu Victoria sebagai wali kuasa, dan pada tahun 1836, ia mendeklarasikan bahwa ia ingin hidup sampai ulang tahun ke-18 Victoria, sehingga perwalian dapat dihindari, di hadapan ibu Victoria.

Pernikahan [ sunting - sunting sumber ] Pada 1839, sepupu Victoria, Albert, seorang pangeran dari Jerman, datang ke Inggris dan lima hari kemudian, ia dilamar oleh Ratu Victoria. [1] Albert menerimanya dan mereka menikah pada Februari 1840. [1] Pasangan ini memiliki sembilan anak, di antaranya Raja Edward VII. Setelah kematian Victoria, kekuasaan Imperium Inggris ratu victoria bawah kepemimpinan Raja Edward VII semakin melemah.

[1] Sebagian besar ratu victoria dan cucu-cucu Victoria dan Ratu victoria menikah dengan anggota keluarga kerajaan-kerajaan lain di Eropa sehingga banyak keturunan mereka yang menduduki takhta kerajaan-kerajaan Eropa. Hal ini menyebabkan Victoria dijuluki "Nenek Raja-raja Eropa". Cucu-cucunya yang menduduki takhta kerajaan-kerajaan Eropa antara lain Kaisar Wilhelm II dari Jerman, Ratu Sophie dari Yunani, Raja George V dari Inggris, Ratu Ratu victoria dari Norwegia, Tsarina Alexandra Feodorovna dari Rusia, dan Ratu Marie dari Rumania.

Hampir semua keluarga-keluarga kerajaan di Eropa saat ini merupakan keturunan Victoria atau besannya Raja Christian IX dari Denmark. Anak dan Keturunan [ sunting - sunting sumber ] Ratu Victoria dengan kesembilan anaknya, keenam menantunya, dan kedua puluh tiga cucunya, 1877 Gambaran Ikhtisar [ sunting - sunting sumber ] Ratu Victoria dan Pangeran Albert memiliki 9 orang anak (4 orang laki-laki & 5 orang perempuan), 9 orang menantu (5 orang laki-laki & 4 orang perempuan), 42 orang cucu (20 orang laki-laki & 22 orang perempuan), dan 87 orang cicit.

Ratu Victoria hidup cukup lama untuk melihat semua cucunya dan bahkan banyak dari ke-87 cicitnya lahir. Sedangkan Pangeran Albert hanya sempat melihat dua orang cucunya ratu victoria hidupnya. Anak pertama Ratu Victoria dan Pangeran Albert adalah Maharani Victoria dari Jerman yang lahir pada tahun 1840 saat mereka berdua berusia 21 tahun. Anak terakhir mereka adalah Putri Beatrice dari Britania Raya yang lahir pada tahun 1857 saat mereka berdua berusia 39 tahun. Pangeran Albert mendahului istri dan anak-anaknya dengan meninggal pada tahun 1861 saat Ratu Victoria masih berusia 42 tahun dan baru mempunyai dua orang cucu.

Ratu Victoria didahului oleh tiga orang anaknya dan tiga orang menantunya melalui kematian: • Anak Ratu Victoria yang meninggal pertama kali adalah Putri Alice, Istri Adipati Agung Hesse yang meninggal pada tahun 1878 di usia 35 tahun saat Ratu Victoria berusia 59 tahun. • Anak kedua Ratu Victoria yang meninggal sebelumnya adalah Pangeran Leopold, Adipati Albany yang meninggal pada tahun 1884 di usia 30 tahun saat Ratu Victoria berusia 65 tahun. • Dan anak Ratu Victoria yang terakhir kali mendahuluinya adalah Pangeran Alfred, Adipati Saxe-Coburg dan Gotha yang meninggal pada tahun 1900 di usia 55 tahun saat Ratu Victoria sudah berusia 81 tahun.

• Menantu pertama Ratu Victoria yang mendahuluinya adalah Kaisar Frederik III dari Jerman yang meninggal pada tahun 1888 di usia 56 tahun saat Ratu Victoria berusia 69 tahun. • Menantu keduanya yang mendahuluinya adalah Louis IV, Adipati Agung Hesse yang meninggal pada tahun 1892 di usia 54 tahun saat Ratu Victoria berusia 73 tahun. • Menantu terakhir Ratu Victoria yang mendahuluinya adalah Pangeran Henry dari Battenberg yang meninggal pada tahun 1896 di usia ratu victoria tahun saat Ratu Victoria berusia 77 tahun.

Anak dan Cucu Ratu Victoria [ sunting - sunting sumber ] Nama Kelahiran Kematian Usia Pasangan Anak Maharani Victoria dari Jerman, Putri Royal "Vicky" 21 November 1840 5 Agustus 1901 60 tahun Kaisar Frederick III dari Jerman (1831 – 1888) Kaisar Wilhelm II dari Jerman "Willy" ratu victoria – 1941), Putri Charlotte, Istri Adipati Sachsen-Meiningen (1860 – 1919), Pangeran Henry dari Prusia (1862 – ratu victoria, Pangeran Sigismund dari Prusia "Sigi" (1864 – 1866), Putri Viktoria, Putri Adolf dari Schaumburg-Lippe "Moretta" (1866 ratu victoria 1929), Pangeran Waldemar dari Prusia (1868 – 1879), Ratu Sophie dari Yunani "Sossy" (1870 – 1932), Ratu Margarete dari Finlandia "Mossy" (1872 – 1954) Raja Edward VII dari Britania Raya "Bertie" 9 November 1841 6 Mei 1910 68 tahun Ratu Alexandra dari Britania Raya "Alix" (1844 – 1925) Pangeran Albert Victor, Adipati Clarence dan Avondale "Eddy" (1864 – 1892), Raja George V dari Britania Raya "Georgie" (1865 – 1936), Putri Louise, Putri Royal dan Istri Adipati Fife (1867 – 1931), Putri Victoria dari Wales "Toria" (1868 – 1935), Ratu Maud dari Norwegia "Harry" (1869 – 1938), Pangeran Alexander John dari Wales (1871 – 1871) Putri Alice, Istri Adipati Agung dari Hesse dan oleh Rhine 25 April ratu victoria 14 Desember 1878 35 tahun Louis IV, Adipati Agung dari Hesse dan oleh Rhine (1837 – 1892) Putri Victoria, Istri Bangsawan Milford Haven (1863 – 1950), Istri Adipati Agung Elisabeth Fyodorovna dari Rusia "Ella" (1864 – 1918), Putri Irene, Putri Henry dari Prusia (1866 – 1953), Ernest Louis, Adipati Agung dari Hesse dan oleh Rhine "Ernie" (1868 – 1937), Pangeran Friedrich dari Hesse dan oleh Rhine "Frittie" (1870 – 1873), Maharani Aleksandra Fyodorovna dari Seluruh Rusia "Alicky" atau "Sunny" (1872 – 1918), Putri Marie dari Hesse dan oleh Rhine "May" (1874 – 1878) Pangeran Alfred, Adipati Edinburgh dan Adipati Saxe-Coburg dan Gotha "Affie" 6 Agustus 1844 31 Juli 1900 55 tahun Adipati Wanita Agung Maria Aleksandrovna dari Rusia (1853 – 1920) Pangeran Alfred, Pangeran Turun-Temurun dari Saxe-Coburg dan Gotha "Affie Muda" (1874 – 1899), Ratu Marie dari Rumania "Missy" (1875 – 1938), Istri Adipati Agung Victoria Fyodorovna dari Rusia "Ducky" (1876 – 1936), Putri Alexandra, Putri dari Hohenlohe-Langenburg "Sandra" (1878 – 1942), NN (lahir mati 1879), Infanta Beatrice, Istri Adipati Galliera "Baby Bee" (1884 – 1966) Putri Helena, Putri Christian dari Schleswig-Holstein "Lenchen" 25 Mei 1846 9 Juni 1923 77 tahun Pangeran Christian dari Schleswig-Holstein (1831 – 1917) Pangeran Christian Victor dari Schleswig-Holstein "Christle" ratu victoria – 1900), Pangeran Albert, Adipati Schleswig-Holstein (1869 – 1931), Putri Helena Victoria dari Schleswig-Holstein "Thora" (1870 – 1948), Putri Marie Louise, Putri Aribert dari Anhalt "Louie" (1872 – 1956), Pangeran Harald dari Schleswig-Holstein (1876 – 1876), NN (lahir mati 1877) Putri Louise, Istri Adipati Argyll 18 Maret 1848 3 Desember 1939 91 tahun John Campbell, Adipati Argyll ke-9 (1845 – 1914) - Pangeran Arthur, Adipati Connaught dan Strathearn 1 Mei 1850 16 Januari 1942 91 tahun Putri Louise Margaret dari Prusia (1860 – 1917) Putri Mahkota Margaret dari Swedia "Daisy" (1882 – 1920), Pangeran Arthur dari Connaught, Gubernur Jenderal dari Kesatuan Afrika Selatan (1883 – 1938), Putri Patricia, Nyonya Patricia Ramsay "Patsy" (1886 – 1974) Pangeran Leopold, Adipati Albany 7 April 1853 28 Maret 1884 30 tahun Putri Helena dari Waldeck dan Pyrmont (1861 – 1922) Putri Alice, Putri dari Athlone (1883 – 1981), Pangeran Charles Edward, Adipati Albany dan Adipati Saxe-Coburg dan Gotha (1884 – 1954) Putri Beatrice, Putri Henry dari Battenberg "Baby" 14 April 1857 26 Oktober 1944 87 tahun Pangeran Henry dari Battenberg (1858 – 1896) Pangeran Alexander Mountbatten, Bangsawan Carisbrooke ke-1 "Drino" (1886 – 1960), Ratu Ena dari Spanyol "Ena" (1887 – 1969), Pangeran Leopold, Tuan Leopold Mountbatten (1889 – 1922), Pangeran Maurice dari Battenberg (1891 – 1914) Pemerintahan [ sunting - sunting sumber ] Victoria diangkat menjadi Ratu Britania Raya dan Irlandia Utara pada tanggal 20 Juni 1837 dan menjadi Maharani India pada tanggal 1 Januari 1877.

Era Ratu Victoria adalah era yang menyebabkan perubahan yang begitu drastis di Inggris terutama dalam bidang teknologi. Ratu Victoria selalu didampingi oleh Albert, Pangeran Pendamping dalam menjalankan tugas kerajaannya. Victoria menjadi ratu yang berbahagia selama masa pernikahannya masih berlangsung. Namun, pada tahun 1861 Ratu Victoria ditinggal mati oleh Pangeran Albert. Dan sejak saat itu, Ratu Victoria menjalankan pemerintahannya dengan kelam.

Selain menjalankan aktivitas kerajaan, Ratu Victoria juga menghabiskan waktu dengan merawat cucu-cucunya. Ratu Victoria juga memiliki hubungan gelap dengan beberapa pria. Sang ratu hidup cukup lama untuk bisa merayakan Yubileum Emas pemerintahannya pada tahun 1887 dan Yubileum Berlian pemerintahannya pada tahun 1897. Gelar [ sunting - sunting sumber ] • 24 Mei 1819–20 Juni 1837: Her Royal Highness Putri Victoria dari Kent • 20 Juni 1837–1876: Her Majesty Ratu Britania Raya • 1876–22 Januari 1901: Her Most Gracious Majesty Ratu Britania Raya dan Maharani India Pada akhir pemerintahannya, gaya pemerintahan ratu sepenuhnya adalah: " Yang Mulia Victoria yang dirahmati Tuhan dari Kerajaan Bersatu Britania Raya dan Ratu Irlandia, Pembela Keimanan, Kaisar India." Penghargaan [ sunting - sunting sumber ] • Penemu dan Yang Berdaulat atas "Bintang Penghargaan India" – 1861 • Penemu dan Yang Berdaulat atas "Lencana Penghargaan Kerajaan Victoria dan Albert" – 1861 • Penemu dan Yang Berdaulat atas "Lencana Penghargaan Mahkota India" – 1878 • Penemu dan Yang Berdaulat atas "Lencana Pengabdian Terhormat" – 1886 • Penemu dan Yang Berdaulat atas "Lencana Penghargaan Kerajaan Era Victoria/Victorian" – 1896 Lambang kebesaran [ sunting - sunting sumber ] Lambang Kebesaran (di luar Skotlandia dan di dalam) Sebagai Penguasa, Victoria menggunakan lambang kebesaran Kerajaan Bersatu atau United Kingdom.

Sebelum kenaikannya, dia tidak mendapatkan pengakuan lambang kebesaran, dikarenakan ketidakberhasilannya dalam bertakhta atas Hanover, lambang kebesarannya tidak menyertai simbol klan Hanover yang biasanya digunakan oleh pendahulunya. Tetapi lambang kebesarannya dipakai, ditanggung dan diteruskan oleh penerus takhtanya. Di luar Skotlandia, Tanda di bilah perisai—juga digunakan pada standard kerajaan--yakni: Per kuartal: I dan IV, berlatar Merah, tiga singa penjaga berwarna kucam/putih pucat (untuk Inggris); II, atau, Seekor singa yang berdiri dengan kaki belakang di antara ratu victoria ganda orle berbunga—dan arah sebaliknya—Berbunga Merah (untuk Skotlandia); III, Berlatar Biru, Sebuah Harpa atau Ratu victoria bersenar berwarna perak (untuk Irlandia).

Di Skotlandia, pada kuartal pertama dan keempat, dipakai oleh singa Skotlandia, dan kedua oleh Singa Inggris. Jambul, Semboyan, dan para pendukung juga berbeda di dalam dan di luar Skotlandia.

Kematian [ sunting - sunting sumber ] Sudah menjadi kebiasaan bagi Ratu Victoria sebagai seorang janda untuk menghabiskan malam Natal di Rumah Osborne, Isle of Wight pada tahun ini 1900. Pada awal Januari 1901, Ratu Victoria merasa bahwa kondisinya "lemah dan tidak baik".

Dan pada pertengahan bulan Januari, sang Ratu hilang kesadaran. Sampai pada tanggal 22 Januari 1901 pada pukul setengah tujuh malam, Ratu Victoria meninggal pada usia 81 tahun dengan anak laki-laki tertuanya, Albert Edward, Pangeran Wales dan cucu tertuanya, Kaisar Wilhelm II dari Jerman di sisi tempat tidurnya.

Lihat pula [ sunting - sunting sumber ] Wikiquote memiliki koleksi kutipan yang berkaitan dengan: Victoria dari Britania Raya. Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Victoria of the United Kingdom. • Daftar Penguasa Britania Raya • Daftar orang kidal terkenal • Daftar Penguasa Britania Raya menurut masa kekuasaan • Daftar tempat yang dinamai seturut Ratu Victoria • Penny Black • Mahkota intan kecil dari Ratu Victoria • Arsitektur Victorian • Masa Victorian • Mode Victorian • Moralitas Victorian Referensi [ sunting - sunting sumber ] • ^ a b c d e Susilo, Taufik Adi.

Ensiklopedi Pengetahuan Dunia Abad 20. Javalitera. Yogyakarta 2010. Halaman 25-26 Bacaan lanjutan [ sunting - sunting sumber ] • Auchincloss, Louis. Persons of Consequence: Queen Victoria and Her Circle. Random House, 1979. • Cecil, Algernon. Queen Victoria and Her Prime Ratu victoria. Eyre and Spottiswode, 1953. • Ratu victoria, Marlene A. Queen Victoria’s Descendants. 2d enlarged & updated ed.

Falköping, Sweden: Rosvall Royall Books, 1997. • Farnborough, T. E. May (1st Baron). Constitutional History of England since the Accession of George the Third. 11th ratu victoria. Longmans, Green, 1896. • Hibbert, Christopher. Queen Victoria: A Personal History. Viking, 2000. • Potts, D. M. & W. T. W. Potts. Queen Victoria’s Gene: Haemophilia and the Royal Family.

Alan Sutton, 1995. • The Royal Household. (2004). "Victoria." Official Website of the British Monarchy. • "Queen Victoria." Encyclopædia Britannica.

11th ratu victoria. Cambridge University Press, 1911. • Weintraub, Stanley. Victoria: An Intimate Biography. Dutton, 1987. • Alfred Agung • Edward Tua • Ælfweard • Æthelstan • Edmund I • Eadred • Eadwig • Edgar • Edward Martir • Æthelred Kurang Petuah • Svend Janggut Cukit • Edmund Lambung Besi • Knut Agung • Harold Kaki Terwelu • Harthacnut • Edward Pengaku Iman • Harold Putra Godwin • Edgar Ætheling • William Sang Penakluk • William II • Henry I • Stephen • Matilda • Henry II • Henry Raja Remaja • Richard Hati Singa • John • Henry III • Edward I • Edward II • Edward III • Richard II • Henry IV • Henry V • Henry VI • Edward IV • Ratu victoria V • Richard III • Henry VII • Henry VIII • Edward VI • Jane • Mary I dan Philip • Elizabeth I • Halaman ini terakhir diubah pada 18 Februari 2022, pukul 02.50.

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Liputan6.com, Jakarta Menelaah tentang sejarah memang selalu menarik perhatian. Selain itu, sejarah juga sangat identik dengan seorang raja ataupun ratu pada masa tersebut. Tak sedikit raja dan ratu dunia yang tentunya sudah dikenal oleh masyarakat dunia saat ratu victoria.

Raja ataupun ratu yang identik di suatu zaman tentunya memiliki peran penting dalam mengubah sejarah dunia hingga kini. Penemuan-penemuan yang kerap ditemukan oleh pakar sejarah pun tentunya tak lepas dari peran penting orang-orang yang berpengaruh terhadap perkembangan dunia.

Tak jarang ratu dunia yang terkenal pada masanya masih dikenal hingga kini. Tak sedikit pula potret ratu dunia yang terkenal ini diabadikan melalui sebuah lukisan ataupun karya seni yang ratu victoria. Hal tersebut tentunya dapat membantu seseorang untuk kilas balik tentang ratu taupun raja yang memiliki peranan penting dalam sejarah dunia. Berikut Liputan6.com merangkum dari berbagai sumber tentang ratu dunia yang terkenal dalam sejarah dan hingga kini masih ratu victoria, Jumat (21/8/2020).

Cleopatra merupakan salah satu ratu dunia yang terkenal dalam sejarah dunia. Nama Cleopatra tentunya sudah tak asing dan hampir dikenal oleh seluruh masyarakat dunia. Cleopatra merupakan ratu dunia yang dipuja karena kecantikannya dan merupakan satu-satunya penguasa Mesir Kuno. Selain itu, Kekayaan dan ambisi Cleopatra tak mengenal batas.

Tentunya sudah banyak yang tahu tentang sejarah dari Cleopatra ini. Para seniman pun kerap mengabadikan potret Cleopatra ini dalam sebuah karya seni yang menarik sepeti lukisan ataupun patung. Nama besar Cleopatra terabadikan dalam bentuk karya-karya seni rupa, baik yang kuno maupun modern, dan kejadian-kejadian yang pernah ia alami semasa hidup diabadikan dalam karya-karya sastra maupun media lainnya.

Hal-ihwal pribadinya dijabarkan dalam karya-karya tulis historiografi Romawi dan ratu victoria Latin. Ratu dunia selanjutnya yang hampir dikenal oleh seluruh masyarakat dunia adalah Ratu Elizabeth II. Masih hidup di usia hampir 100 tahun, tidak ada orang yang tidak mengenal Ratu Inggris Raya dan alam Persemakmuran ini.

Ratu Elizabeth II selalu menjadi cookie yang tangguh di usianya yang tak lagi muda. Kisah dan kehidupan tentang Ratu Elizabeth II tentunya kerap dibadikan dalam sebuah buku ataupun yang lainnya. Kisah hidupnya membuat dirinya dikenal oleh hampir seluruh masyarakat dunia. Berbagai peristiwa bersejarah juga terjadi selama masa pemerintahan Ratu Elizabeth, diantaranya peristiwa the Troubles di Irlandia Utara, Perang Falklands, dan Perang Afganistan.

Ratu Elizabeth dan keluarga kerajaannya sering kali menerima berbagai kritikan dan kecaman dari media massa dan tokoh-tokoh pro-republik, namun popularitas pribadi dan dukungan yang mengalir untuk kerajaan ratu victoria tinggi. Catherine The Great merupakan Ratu Rusia yang juga salah satu ratu yang terkenal dalam sejarah dunia. Ratu Catherine ini adalah Ratu paling bertanggung jawab untuk mengubah Rusia menjadi negara modern yang masih ditakuti di seluruh dunia.

Periode pemerintahan Catherine dianggap sebagai Zaman Keemasan Rusia. Sebagai pelindung seni, ia memimpin era Pencerahan Rusia, termasuk pendirian Smolny Institute for Noble Maidens, lembaga pendidikan tinggi wanita pertama yang didanai negara di Eropa.

Banyak kota baru didirikan atas perintahnya di masa pemerintahannya. Rani of Jhansi merupakan seorang Ratu India. Ratu India ini memainkan peran besar dalam membantu India membebaskan diri dari para pemimpin Inggris mereka. Rani adalah seorang ratu India dari negara bagian Jhansi. Dia adalah salah satu tokoh utama Pemberontakan India tahun 1857 dan menjadi simbol perlawanan terhadap Raj Inggris bagi kaum nasionalis India.

Rani Lakshmibai lahir pada 19 November 1828 di kota Varanasi dari keluarga Brahmana Marathi Karhade. Marie Antoinette merupakan seorang Ratu Prancis. Ratu Marie Antoinette adalah ratu terakhir Prancis sebelum Revolusi Prancis. Dia dilahirkan sebagai seorang wanita agung dari Austria dan merupakan anak kedua dari belakang dan putri bungsu dari Permaisuri Maria Theresa dan Kaisar Francis I.

Beberapa peristiwa terkait dengan Marie Antoinette selama Revolusi setelah pemerintah menempatkan keluarga kerajaan sebagai tahanan rumah di Istana Tuileries pada bulan Oktober 1789. Ratu victoria adalah Ratu Mesir kedua yang paling terkenal, Nefertiti sebagian besar dikenal karena memperkenalkan monoteisme ke Mesir. Nefertiti dan suaminya dikenal karena revolusi agama, di mana mereka menyembah satu Tuhan saja, Aten, atau lingkaran ratu victoria.

Dengan suaminya, dia memerintah pada apa yang bisa dibilang periode terkaya dalam sejarah Mesir Kuno. Sejarah tentang Ratu Mesir kedua yang paling terkenal ini tentunya kerap ditelaah oleh para ahli sejarah. Memiliki peran penting dalam perkembangan dunia, khususnya Mesir membuat nama Nefertiti dikenal oleh hampir seluruh masyarakat dunia.

Ratu dunia selanjutnya yang terkenal dalam sejarah dunia adalah Ratu Victoria. Nama Ratu Victoria sendiri tentunya sudah tak asing di telinga masyarakat dunia. Beberapa fakta unik tentang Ratu Victoria yakni sembilan anaknya digunakan untuk tujuan imperialistik, menikah dengan penguasa monarki di berbagai negara Eropa. Pemerintahan Victoria ditandai oleh ekspansi besar-besaran dari Imperium Britania. Era Victoria adalah puncak dari Revolusi Industri, suatu masa perubahan sosial, ekonomi, dan teknologi yang penting di Britania Raya.

Pada masa tersebut, Imperium Britania mencapai puncaknya dan menjadi suatu negara ratu victoria kuasa yang digjaya. Pemerintahannya berlangsung 63 tahun, 216 hari, lebih lama dari raja atau ratu Britania Raya manapun sampai 9 September 2015 yang kemudian digantikan oleh anak sulung cicitnya, Ratu Elizabeth II sebagai penguasa Britania Raya terlama.

Victoria, yang hampir sepenuhnya berdarah Jerman (kecuali dari leluhurnya Sophia dari Hanover yang merupakan cucu dari garis perempuan dari James I), adalah ratu terakhir dari Dinasti Hanover; penggantinya, Raja Edward VII berasal dari Dinasti Saxe-Coburg dan Gotha. • Afrikaans • العربية • Asturianu • Azərbaycanca • Беларуская • Български • বাংলা • Català • کوردی • Čeština • Чӑвашла • Cymraeg • Dansk • Deutsch • Ελληνικά • English • Esperanto • Español • Eesti • Euskara • فارسی • Suomi • Français • Frysk • Gaeilge • Galego • עברית • Hrvatski • Հայերեն • Íslenska • Italiano • 日本語 • ქართული • 한국어 • Latina • മലയാളം • Bahasa Melayu • Nederlands • Norsk nynorsk • Norsk bokmål • Polski • پنجابی • Português • Română • Русский • Русиньскый • Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски • සිංහල ratu victoria Simple English • Slovenčina • Српски / srpski • Svenska • தமிழ் • ไทย • Türkçe • Українська • اردو • 吴语 • 中文 • Bân-lâm-gú Ratu Victoria Didahului Ratu victoria George Diikuti Era Edward Penguasa Ratu Victoria Periode dan era dalam sejarah Inggris Periode Anglo-Saxon (927–1066) Periode Norman (1066–1154) Periode Plantagenet (1154–1485) Periode Tudor (1485–1603) Era Elizabeth (1558–1603) Periode Stuart (1603–1714) Era Jacob (1603–1625) Era Charles (1625–1649) Interregnum (1649–1660) Era Restorasi (1660–1688) Era George (1714–1830) Era Victoria (1837–1901) Era Edward (1901–1910) Perang Dunia I (1914–1918) Periode Antar Perang (1918–1939) Perang Dunia II (1939–1945) Britania Modern (1945–Sekarang) • l • b • s Era Victoria dalam sejarah Britania Raya adalah periode pemerintahan Ratu Victoria dari 20 Juni 1837 sampai kematiannya pada 22 Januari 1901.

Era ini ditandai oleh periode panjang perdamaian, kemakmuran, kejayaan Britania di kancah internasional, dan tingginya rasa percaya diri nasional warga Britania. [1] Beberapa pakar berpendapat ratu victoria kejayaan politik Britania pada era Victoria dimulai setelah disahkannya Undang-Undang Reformasi 1832.

Era ini didahului oleh era George dan dilanjutkan oleh era Edward. Setengah periode era Victoria bertepatan dengan era Belle Époque Eropa dan Gilded Age Amerika Serikat.

Dalam bidang kebudayaan, terjadi transisi dari rasionalisme pada era George menuju romantisisme dan mistisisme yang berkaitan dengan agama, nilai sosial, dan seni. [2] Dalam hubungan internasional, era Victoria ditandai dengan periode panjang perdamaian, yang dikenal dengan Pax Britannica, serta kemakmuran ekonomi, sosial, industri, dan kejayaan kolonial Britania Raya di kancah internasional. Namun, hal-hal ini terganggu oleh pecahnya Perang Krimea pada tahun 1854.

Pada akhir periode, terjadi Perang Boer di Afrika Selatan. Di dalam negeri, kebijakan pemerintah semakin liberal dengan pegeseran ke arah reformasi politik, reformasi industri, dan perluasan hak pilih. Dua tokoh penting yang muncul pada era ini adalah perdana menteri Edward Gladstone dan Benjamin Disraeli, yang secara tidak langsung turut berperan dalam perubahan sejarah Britania. Disraeli, yang menjadi favorit ratu, tergabung ke dalam faksi Tory, sedangkan saingannya, Gladstone, adalah seorang tokoh liberal yang juga dipercayai oleh Ratu.

Ia turut berperan dalam proses pembuatan hukum pada era tersebut. [3] Jumlah penduduk Inggris meningkat hampir dua kali lipat pada periode ini, dari yang sebelumnya berjumlah 16,8 juta pada 1851 menjadi 30,5 juta pada 1901.

Pada saat ini juga London menjadi kota terbesar di dunia, sebelum dikalahkan oleh New York City pada 1935. [4] Sedangkan penduduk Skotlandia juga meningkat pesat dari 2,8 juta pada 1851 menjadi 4,5 juta pada 1901, sebagian besar adalah warga Irlandia (saat itu masih ratu victoria dari Britania Raya), yang berbondong-bondong pindah ke Pulau Britania setelah Wabah Kelaparan Besar pada tahun 1850-an.

[5] Pada waktu yang bersamaan, sekitar 15 juta emigran meninggalkan Kepulauan Britania dan menetap di Amerika Serikat dan jajahan Britania lainnya seperti Kanada dan Australia. [6] Pada awal era Victoria, House of Commons dipimpin oleh dua faksi, yakni Whig dan Tory.

Sejak 1850-an, faksi Whig jadi lebih condong ke arah Liberal; sedangkan Tory condong ke arah Konservatif.

Partai-partai ini dipimpin oleh sejumlah negarawan terkemuka, termasuk Lord Melbourne, Sir Robert Peel, Lord Derby, Lord Palmerston, William Ewart Gladstone, Benjamin Disraeli, dan Lord Salisbury. Masalah politik yang belum terpecahkan sehubungan dengan kemerdekaan Irlandia berperan penting dalam kestabilan politik pada era Victoria di kemudian hari, terutama mengenai tindakan penyelesaian yang dilakukan oleh Gladstone.

Akibat kebijakan politik pada era Victoria, Irlandia bagian selatan memperoleh kemerdekaan pada tahun 1922. Portal Britania Raya • Seni dekoratif era Victoria • Mode era Victoria • Moralitas era Victoria • Sastra era Victoria • Imperialisme • Hubungan internasional (1814–1919) • Neo-Victoria • Sejarah sosial Inggris • Era Victoria Amerika • Wanita pada era Victoria • Victoriana • Pax Britannica • Horror Victorianorum • Pemakaman era Victoria • Arsitektur era Victoria Referensi [ sunting - sunting sumber ] • ^ Ratu victoria Wolffe (1997).

Religion in Victorian Britain: Culture and empire. Volume V. Manchester University Press. hlm. 129–30. • ^ Dixon, Nicholas (2010). "From Georgian to Victorian". History Review. 2010 (68): 34–38. • ^ "Is this what Labour's next Clause four should say?". Fabians.org.uk. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-06-22. Diakses tanggal 10 August 2010. • ^ The UK and ratu victoria, statistics.gov.uk • ^ "Ireland – Population Summary". Homepage.tinet.ie.

Diakses tanggal 10 August 2010. • ^ Exiles and Emigrants Diarsipkan 2009-06-22 di Wayback Machine. National Museum of Australia Bacaan lanjutan [ sunting - sunting sumber ] • Altick, Richard Daniel. Victorian People and Ideas: A Companion for the Modern Reader of Victorian Literature. W.W. Norton & Company: 1974. ISBN 0-393-09376-X. • Burton, Antoinette (editor). Politics and Empire in Victorian Britain: A Reader.

Palgrave Macmillan: 2001. ISBN 0-312-29335-6. • Gay, Peter, The Bourgeois Experience: Victoria to Freud, 5 volumes, Oxford University Press, 1984–1989 • Heilmann, Ann, and Mark Llewellyn, eds. Neo-Victorianism: The Victorians in the Twenty-First Century, 1999–2009 (Palgrave Macmillan; 2011) 323 pages; looks at recent literary & cinematic, interest in the Victorian era, including magic, sexuality, theme parks, and the postcolonial • Flanders, Judith.

Inside the Victorian Home: A Portrait of Domestic Life in Victorian England. W.W. Norton & Company: ratu victoria. ISBN 0-393-05209-5. • Mitchell, Sally. Daily Life in Victorian England. Greenwood Press: 1996. ISBN 0-313-29467-4. • Wilson, A.

N. The Victorians. Arrow Books: 2002. ISBN 0-09-945186-7 • A Victorian Childhood, Annabel Jackson, 1932 (memoir) Pranala luar [ sunting - sunting sumber ] • Great Victorian Lives – An Era in Obituaries from The Times [ pranala nonaktif permanen] • Mostly-Victorian.com A collection of primary-source documents drawn from Victorian periodicals. • The Victorian Dictionary • The Victorian Web • The Twilight City An exploration of vagrancy and streetwalkers in late Victorian London • Victorians British Library history resources about the Victorian era, featuring collection material and text by Liza Picard.

• Timelines: Sources from history – British Library interactive Diarsipkan 2017-09-10 di Wayback Machine. • Notable Victorian Scientists and Inventors • Halaman ini terakhir diubah pada 14 Januari 2022, pukul 23.12.

• Teks tersedia di bawah Lisensi Creative Commons Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa; ketentuan tambahan mungkin berlaku. Lihat Ketentuan Penggunaan untuk lebih jelasnya. • Kebijakan privasi • Tentang Wikipedia • Penyangkalan • Tampilan seluler • Pengembang • Statistik • Pernyataan kuki • •
• Victoria, German Empress • Edward VII, King of the United Kingdom • Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine • Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha • Helena, Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein • Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll • Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn • Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany • Beatrice, Princess Henry of Battenberg House Hanover Father Prince Edward, Duke of Ratu victoria and Strathearn Mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld Signature Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ratu victoria 20 June 1837 until her death in 1901.

Known as the Victorian era, her reign of 63 years and seven months was longer than any previous British monarch. It was a period of industrial, political, scientific, and military change within the United Kingdom, and was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire.

In 1876, the British Parliament voted to grant her the additional title of Empress of India. Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn (the fourth son of King George III), and Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld.

After the deaths of her father and grandfather in 1820, she was raised under close supervision by her mother and her comptroller, John Conroy. She inherited the throne aged 18 after her father's three elder brothers died without surviving legitimate issue.

Though a constitutional monarch, Victoria privately attempted to influence government policy and ministerial appointments; publicly, she became a national icon who was identified with strict standards of personal morality. Victoria married her first cousin Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in 1840. Their children married into royal and noble families across the continent, earning Victoria the sobriquet "the grandmother of Europe" and spreading haemophilia in European royalty.

After Albert's death in 1861, Victoria plunged into deep mourning and avoided public appearances. As a result of her seclusion, British republicanism temporarily gained strength, but in the latter half of her reign, her popularity recovered.

Her Golden and Diamond Jubilees were times of public celebration. She died on the Isle of Wight in 1901. The last Ratu victoria monarch of the House of Hanover, she was succeeded by her son Edward VII of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Contents • 1 Birth and family • 2 Heir presumptive • 3 Early reign • 3.1 Accession • 3.2 Marriage • 4 Married reign • ratu victoria Widowhood • 5.1 Empress • 6 Later years • 6.1 Golden Jubilee • 6.2 Diamond Jubilee • 6.3 Death and succession • 7 Legacy • 7.1 Descendants and haemophilia • 7.2 Namesakes • 8 Titles, styles, honours, and arms • 8.1 Titles and styles • 8.2 Honours • 8.2.1 British honours • 8.2.2 Foreign honours • 8.3 Arms • 9 Family • 9.1 Issue • 9.2 Ancestry • 9.3 Family tree • 10 Notes • 11 References • 11.1 Citations • 11.2 Bibliography • 11.2.1 Primary sources • 12 Further reading • 13 External links Birth and family Victoria at age four, by Stephen Poyntz Denning (1823) Victoria's father was Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of the reigning King of the United Kingdom, George III.

Until 1817, Edward's niece, Princess Charlotte of Wales, was the only legitimate grandchild of George III. Her death in 1817 precipitated a succession crisis that brought pressure on the Duke of Kent and his unmarried brothers to marry and have children. In 1818 he married Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, a widowed German princess with two children— Carl (1804–1856) and Feodora (1807–1872)—by her first marriage to Emich Carl, 2nd Prince of Leiningen.

Her brother Leopold was Princess Charlotte's widower. The Duke and Duchess of Kent's only child, Victoria, was born at 4:15 a.m. on 24 May 1819 at Kensington Palace in London. [1] Victoria was christened privately by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Charles Manners-Sutton, on 24 June 1819 in the Cupola Room at Kensington Palace.

[a] She was baptised Alexandrina after one of her godparents, Ratu victoria Alexander Ratu victoria of Russia, and Victoria, after her mother.

Additional names proposed by her parents—Georgina (or Georgiana), Charlotte, and Augusta—were dropped on the instructions of Kent's eldest brother George, Prince Regent. [2] At birth, Victoria was fifth in the line of succession after the four eldest sons of George III: the Prince Regent (later George IV); Frederick, Duke of York; William, Duke of Clarence (later William IV); and Victoria's father, Edward, Duke of Kent.

[3] The Prince Regent had no surviving children, and the Duke of York had no children; further, both were estranged from their wives, who were both ratu victoria child-bearing age, so the two eldest brothers were unlikely to have any further legitimate children.

William and Edward married on the same day in 1818, but both of William's legitimate daughters died as infants.

The first of these was Princess Charlotte, who was born and died on 27 March 1819, two months before Victoria was born. Victoria's father died in January 1820, when Victoria was less than a year old.

A week later her grandfather died and was succeeded by his eldest son as George IV. Victoria was then third in line to the throne after Frederick and William. William's second daughter, Princess Elizabeth of Clarence, lived for twelve weeks from 10 December 1820 to 4 March 1821, and for that period Victoria was fourth in line. [4] The Duke of York died in 1827, followed by George IV in 1830; the throne passed to their next surviving brother, William, and Victoria became heir presumptive.

The Regency Act 1830 made special provision for Victoria's mother to act as regent in case William died while Victoria was still a minor. [5] King William distrusted the Duchess's capacity to be regent, and in 1836 he declared in her presence that he wanted to live until Victoria's 18th birthday, so that a regency could be avoided.

[6] Heir presumptive Portrait of Victoria with her spaniel Dash by George Hayter, 1833 Victoria later described her childhood as "rather melancholy".

[7] Her mother was extremely protective, and Victoria was raised largely isolated from other children under the so-called " Kensington System", an elaborate set of rules and protocols devised by the Duchess and her ambitious and domineering comptroller, Sir John Conroy, who was rumoured to be the Duchess's lover.

[8] The system prevented the princess from meeting people whom her mother and Conroy deemed undesirable (including most of her father's family), and was designed to render her weak and dependent upon them. [9] The Duchess avoided the court because she was scandalised by the presence of King William's illegitimate children.

[10] Victoria shared a bedroom with her mother every night, studied with private tutors to a regular timetable, and spent her play-hours with her dolls and her King Charles Spaniel, Dash. [11] Her lessons included French, German, Italian, and Latin, [12] but she spoke only English at home. [13] Self-portrait, 1835 In 1830, the Duchess of Kent and Conroy took Victoria across the centre of England to visit the Malvern Hills, stopping at towns and great country houses along the way.

[14] Similar journeys to other parts of England and Wales were taken in 1832, 1833, 1834 and 1835. To the King's annoyance, Victoria was enthusiastically welcomed in each of the stops.

[15] William compared the journeys to royal progresses and was concerned that they portrayed Victoria as his rival rather than his heir presumptive. [16] Victoria disliked the trips; the constant round of public appearances made her tired and ill, and there was little time for her to rest.

[17] She objected on the grounds of the King's disapproval, but her mother dismissed his complaints as motivated by jealousy and forced Victoria to continue the tours. [18] At Ramsgate in October 1835, Victoria contracted a severe fever, which Conroy initially dismissed as a childish pretence. [19] While Victoria was ill, Conroy and the Duchess unsuccessfully badgered her to make Conroy her private secretary.

[20] As a teenager, Victoria resisted persistent attempts by her mother and Conroy to appoint him to her staff. [21] Once queen, she banned him from her presence, but he remained in her mother's household. [22] By 1836, Victoria's maternal uncle Leopold, who had been King of the Belgians since 1831, hoped to marry her to Prince Albert, [23] the son of his brother Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.

Leopold arranged for Victoria's mother to invite her Coburg relatives to visit her in May 1836, with the purpose of introducing Victoria to Albert. [24] William IV, however, disapproved of any match with the Coburgs, and ratu victoria favoured the suit of Prince Alexander of the Netherlands, second son of the Prince of Orange. [25] Victoria was aware of the various matrimonial plans and critically appraised a parade of eligible princes.

[26] According to her diary, she enjoyed Albert's company from the beginning. After the visit she wrote, "[Albert] is extremely handsome; his hair is about the same colour as mine; his eyes are large and blue, and he has a beautiful nose and a very sweet mouth with fine teeth; but the charm of his countenance is his expression, which is most delightful." [27] Alexander, on the other hand, she described as "very plain".

[28] Victoria wrote to King Leopold, whom she considered her "best and kindest adviser", [29] to thank him "for the prospect of great happiness you have contributed to give me, in the person of dear Albert .

He possesses every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy. He is so sensible, so kind, and so good, and so amiable too. He has besides the most pleasing and delightful exterior and appearance you can possibly see." [30] However at 17, Victoria, though interested in Albert, was not yet ready to marry.

The parties did not undertake a formal engagement, but assumed that the match would take place in due time. [31] Early reign Accession Victoria receives the news of her accession from Lord Conyngham (left) and the Archbishop of Canterbury. Painting by Henry Tanworth Wells, 1887. Victoria turned 18 on 24 May 1837, and a regency was avoided.

Less than a month later, on 20 June 1837, William IV died at the age of 71, and Victoria became Queen of the United Kingdom. [b] In her diary she wrote, "I was awoke at 6 o'clock by Mamma, who told me the Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Conyngham were here and wished to see me. I got out of bed and went into my sitting-room (only in my dressing gown) and alone, and saw them. Lord Conyngham then acquainted me that my poor Uncle, the King, was no more, and had expired at 12 minutes past 2 this morning, and consequently that I am Queen." [32] Official documents prepared on the first day of her reign described her as Alexandrina Victoria, but the ratu victoria name was withdrawn at her own wish and not used again.

[33] Since 1714, Britain had shared a monarch with Hanover in Germany, but under Salic law, women were excluded from the Hanoverian succession. While Victoria inherited the British throne, her father's unpopular younger brother, Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, became King of Hanover.

He was Victoria's heir presumptive until she had a child. [34] Coronation portrait by George Hayter At the time of Victoria's accession, the government was led by the Whig prime minister Lord Melbourne. He at once became a powerful influence on the politically inexperienced monarch, who relied on him for advice. [35] Charles Greville supposed that the widowed and childless Melbourne was "passionately fond of her as he might be of his daughter if he had one", and Victoria probably saw him as a father figure.

[36] Her coronation took place on 28 June 1838 at Westminster Abbey. Over 400,000 visitors came to London for the celebrations. [37] She became the first sovereign to take up residence at Buckingham Palace [38] and inherited the revenues of the duchies of Lancaster and Cornwall as well as being granted a civil list allowance of £385,000 per year. Financially prudent, she paid off her father's debts. [39] At the start of her reign Victoria was popular, [40] but her reputation suffered in an 1839 court intrigue when one of her mother's ladies-in-waiting, Lady Flora Hastings, developed an abdominal growth that was widely rumoured to be an out-of-wedlock pregnancy by Sir John Conroy.

[41] Victoria believed the rumours. [42] She hated Conroy, and despised "that odious Lady Flora", [43] because she had conspired with Conroy and the Duchess of Kent in the Kensington System. [44] At first, Lady Flora refused to submit to an intimate medical examination, until in mid-February she eventually acquiesced, and was found to be a virgin.

[45] Conroy, the Hastings family, and the opposition Tories organised a press campaign implicating the Queen in the spreading of false rumours about Lady Flora. [46] When Lady Flora died in Ratu victoria, the post-mortem revealed a large tumour on her liver that had distended her abdomen. [47] At public appearances, Victoria was hissed and jeered as "Mrs. Melbourne". [48] In 1839, Melbourne resigned after Radicals and Tories (both of whom Victoria detested) voted against a bill to suspend the constitution of Jamaica.

The bill removed political power from plantation owners who were resisting measures associated with the abolition of slavery. [49] The Queen commissioned a Tory, Robert Peel, to form a new ministry.

At the time, it was customary for the prime minister to appoint members of the Royal Household, who were usually his political allies and their spouses. Many of ratu victoria Queen's ladies of the bedchamber were wives of Whigs, and Peel expected to replace them with wives of Tories. In what became known as the " bedchamber crisis", Victoria, advised by Melbourne, objected to their removal.

Peel refused to govern under the restrictions imposed by the Queen, and consequently resigned his commission, allowing Melbourne to return to office.

[50] Marriage Marriage of Victoria and Albert, painted by George Hayter Though Victoria was now queen, as an unmarried young woman she was required by social convention to live with her mother, despite their differences over the Kensington System and her mother's ratu victoria reliance on Conroy. [51] Her mother was consigned to a remote apartment in Buckingham Palace, and Victoria often refused to see her.

[52] When Victoria complained to Melbourne that her mother's proximity promised "torment for many years", Melbourne sympathised but said it could be avoided by marriage, ratu victoria Victoria called a "schocking [ sic] alternative".

[53] Victoria showed interest in Albert's education for the future role he would have to play as her husband, but she resisted attempts to rush her into wedlock. [54] Victoria continued to praise Albert following his second visit in October 1839. Albert and Victoria felt ratu victoria affection and the Queen proposed to him on 15 October 1839, just five days after he had arrived at Windsor.

[55] They were married on 10 February 1840, in the Chapel Royal of St James's Palace, London. Victoria was love-struck. She spent the evening after their wedding lying down with a headache, but wrote ecstatically in her diary: I NEVER, NEVER spent such an evening!!!

MY DEAREST DEAREST DEAR Albert . his excessive love & affection gave me feelings of heavenly love & happiness I never could have hoped to have felt before! He clasped me in his arms, & we ratu victoria each other again & again! His beauty, his sweetness & gentleness – really how can I ever be thankful enough to have such a Husband!

. to be called by names of tenderness, I have never yet heard used to me before – was bliss beyond belief! Oh! This was the happiest day of my life! [56] Albert became an important political adviser as well as the Queen's companion, replacing Melbourne as the dominant influential figure in the first half of her life.

[57] Victoria's mother was evicted from the palace, to Ingestre House in Belgrave Square. After the death of Victoria's aunt, Princess Augusta, in 1840, Victoria's mother was given both Clarence and Frogmore Houses. [58] Through Albert's mediation, relations between mother and daughter slowly improved. [59] Contemporary lithograph of Edward Oxford's attempt to assassinate Victoria, 1840 During Victoria's first pregnancy in 1840, in the first few months of the marriage, 18-year-old Edward Oxford attempted to assassinate her while she was riding in a carriage with Prince Albert on her way to visit her mother.

Oxford fired twice, but either both bullets missed or, as he later claimed, the guns had no shot. [60] He was tried for high treason, found not guilty by reason of insanity, committed to an insane asylum indefinitely, and later sent to live in Australia.

[61] In the immediate aftermath of the attack, Victoria's popularity soared, mitigating residual discontent over the Hastings affair and the bedchamber crisis. [62] Her daughter, also named Victoria, was born on 21 November 1840.

The Queen hated being pregnant, [63] viewed breast-feeding with disgust, [64] and thought newborn babies were ugly. [65] Nevertheless, over the following seventeen years, she and Albert had a further eight children: Albert Edward (b.

1841), Alice (b. 1843), Alfred (b. 1844), Helena (b. 1846), Louise (b. 1848), Arthur (b. 1850), Leopold (b. 1853) and Beatrice (b. 1857). The household was largely run by Victoria's childhood governess, Baroness Louise Lehzen from Hanover. Lehzen had been a formative ratu victoria on Victoria [66] and had supported her against the Kensington System.

[67] Albert, however, thought that Lehzen was incompetent and that ratu victoria mismanagement threatened his daughter's health. After a furious row between Victoria and Albert over the issue, Lehzen was pensioned off in 1842, and Victoria's close relationship with her ended.

[68] Married reign Portrait by Franz Xaver Winterhalter, 1843 On 29 May 1842, Victoria was riding in a carriage along The Mall, London, when John Francis aimed a pistol at her, but the gun ratu victoria not fire. The assailant escaped; the following day, Victoria drove the same route, though faster and with a greater escort, in a deliberate attempt to bait Francis into taking a second aim and catch him in the act.

As expected, Francis shot at her, but he was seized by plainclothes policemen, and convicted of high treason. On 3 July, two days after Francis's death sentence was commuted to transportation for life, John William Bean also tried to fire a pistol at the Queen, but it was loaded only with paper and tobacco and had too little charge.

[69] Edward Oxford felt that the attempts were encouraged by his acquittal in 1840. Bean was sentenced to 18 months in jail. [70] In a similar attack in 1849, unemployed Irishman William Hamilton fired a powder-filled pistol at Victoria's carriage as it passed along Constitution Hill, London. [71] In 1850, the Queen did sustain injury when ratu victoria was assaulted by a possibly insane ex-army officer, Robert Pate. As Victoria was riding in a carriage, Pate struck her with his cane, crushing her bonnet and bruising her forehead.

Both Hamilton and Pate were sentenced to seven years' transportation. [72] Melbourne's support in the House of Commons weakened through the early years of Victoria's reign, and in the 1841 general election the Whigs were defeated. Peel became prime minister, and the ladies of the bedchamber most associated with the Whigs were replaced.

[73] Earliest known photograph of Victoria, here with her eldest daughter, c. 1845 [74] In 1845, Ireland was hit by a potato blight. [75] In the next four years, over a million Irish people died and another million emigrated in what became known as the Great Famine. [76] In Ireland, Victoria was labelled "The Famine Ratu victoria. [77] [78] In January 1847 she personally donated £2,000 (equivalent to between £178,000 and £6.5 million in 2016 [79]) to the British Relief Association, more than any other individual famine relief donor, [80] and also supported the Maynooth Grant to a Roman Catholic seminary in Ireland, despite Protestant opposition.

[81] The story that she donated only £5 in aid to the Irish, and on the same day gave the same amount to Battersea Dogs Home, was a myth generated towards the end of the 19th century. [82] By 1846, Peel's ministry faced a crisis involving the repeal of the Corn Laws. Many Tories—by then known also as Conservatives—were opposed to the repeal, but Peel, some Tories (the free-trade oriented liberal conservative " Peelites"), most Whigs and Victoria supported it.

Peel resigned in 1846, after ratu victoria repeal narrowly passed, and was replaced by Lord John Russell. [83] Victoria's British prime ministers Year Prime Minister (party) 1835 Viscount Melbourne ( Whig) 1841 Sir Robert Peel ( Conservative) 1846 Lord John Russell (W) 1852 (Feb) Earl of Derby (C) 1852 (Dec) Earl of Aberdeen ( Peelite) 1855 Viscount Palmerston ( Liberal) 1858 Earl of Derby (C) 1859 Viscount Palmerston (L) 1865 Earl Russell [Lord John Russell] (L) 1866 Earl of Derby (C) 1868 (Feb) Benjamin Disraeli (C) 1868 (Dec) William Gladstone (L) 1874 Benjamin Disraeli [Ld Beaconsfield] (C) 1880 William Gladstone (L) 1885 Marquess of Salisbury (C) 1886 (Feb) William Gladstone (L) 1886 (Jul) Marquess of Salisbury (C) 1892 William Gladstone (L) 1894 Earl of Rosebery (L) 1895 Marquess of Salisbury (C) See List of prime ministers of Queen Victoria for details of her British and Imperial premiers Internationally, Victoria took a keen interest in the improvement of relations between France and Britain.

[84] She made and hosted several visits between the British royal family and the House of Orleans, who were related by marriage through the Coburgs. In 1843 and 1845, she and Albert stayed with King Louis Philippe I at Château d'Eu in Normandy; she was the first British or Ratu victoria monarch to visit a French monarch since the meeting ratu victoria Henry VIII of England and Francis I of France on the Field of the Cloth of Gold in 1520.

[85] When Louis Philippe made a reciprocal trip in 1844, he became the first French king to visit a British sovereign. [86] Louis Philippe was deposed in the revolutions of 1848, and fled to exile in England. [87] At the height of a revolutionary scare in the United Kingdom in April 1848, Victoria and her family left London for the greater safety of Osborne House, [88] a private estate on the Isle of Wight that they had purchased in 1845 and redeveloped.

[89] Demonstrations by Chartists and Irish nationalists failed to attract widespread support, and the scare died down without any major disturbances. [90] Victoria's first visit to Ireland in 1849 was a public relations success, but it had no lasting impact or effect on the growth of Irish nationalism. [91] Albert, Victoria and their nine children, 1857.

Left to right: Alice, Arthur, Prince Albert, Albert Edward, Leopold, Louise, Queen Victoria with Beatrice, Alfred, Victoria and Helena. Russell's ministry, though Whig, was not favoured by the Queen. [92] She found particularly offensive the Foreign Secretary, Lord Palmerston, who often acted without consulting the Cabinet, the Prime Minister, or the Queen. [93] Victoria complained to Russell that Palmerston sent official dispatches to foreign leaders without her knowledge, but Palmerston was retained in office and continued to act on his own initiative, despite her repeated remonstrances.

It was only in 1851 that Palmerston was removed after he announced the British government's approval of Ratu victoria Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte's coup in France without consulting the Prime Minister. [94] The following year, President Bonaparte was declared Emperor Napoleon III, by which time Russell's administration had been replaced by a short-lived minority government led by Lord Derby.

In 1853, Victoria gave birth to her eighth child, Leopold, with the aid of the new anaesthetic, chloroform. She was so impressed by the relief it gave from the pain of childbirth that she used it again in 1857 at the birth of her ninth and final child, Beatrice, despite opposition from members of the clergy, who considered it against biblical teaching, and members of the medical profession, who thought it dangerous. [95] Victoria may have had postnatal depression after many of her pregnancies.

[96] Letters from Albert to Victoria intermittently complain of her loss of self-control. For example, about a month after Leopold's birth Albert complained in a letter to Victoria about her "continuance of hysterics" over a "miserable trifle". [97] In early 1855, the government of Lord Aberdeen, who had replaced Derby, fell amidst recriminations over the poor management of British troops in the Crimean War.

Victoria approached both Derby and Russell to form a ministry, but neither had sufficient support, and Victoria was forced to appoint Palmerston as prime minister. [98] Portrait by Winterhalter, 1859 Napoleon III, Britain's closest ally as a result of the Crimean War, [96] visited London in April 1855, and from 17 to 28 August the same year Victoria and Albert returned the visit.

[99] Napoleon III met the couple at Boulogne and accompanied them to Paris. [100] They visited the Exposition Universelle (a successor to Albert's 1851 brainchild the Great Exhibition) and Napoleon I's tomb at Les Invalides (to which his remains had only been returned in 1840), and were guests of honour at a 1,200-guest ball at the Palace of Versailles.

[101] On 14 January 1858, an Italian refugee from Britain called Felice Orsini attempted to assassinate Napoleon III with a bomb made in England. [102] The ensuing diplomatic crisis destabilised the government, and Palmerston resigned.

Derby was reinstated as prime minister. [103] Victoria and Albert attended the opening of a new basin at the French military port of Cherbourg on 5 August 1858, in an attempt by Napoleon III to reassure Britain that his military preparations were directed elsewhere. On her return Victoria wrote to Derby reprimanding him for the poor state of the Royal Navy in comparison to the French Navy.

[104] Derby's ministry did not last long, and in June 1859 Victoria recalled Palmerston to office. [105] Eleven days after Orsini's assassination attempt in France, Victoria's eldest daughter married Prince Frederick William of Prussia in London. They had been betrothed since September 1855, when Princess Victoria was 14 years old; the marriage was delayed by the Queen and her husband Albert until the ratu victoria was 17.

[106] The Queen and Albert hoped that their daughter ratu victoria son-in-law would be a liberalising influence in the enlarging Prussian state. [107] The Queen felt "sick at heart" to see her daughter leave England for Germany; "It really makes me shudder", she wrote to Princess Victoria in one ratu victoria her frequent letters, "when I look round to all your sweet, happy, unconscious sisters, and think I must give them up too – one by one." [108] Almost exactly a year later, the Princess gave birth to the Queen's first grandchild, Wilhelm, who would become the last German Emperor.

Widowhood Victoria photographed by J. J. E. Mayall, 1860 In March 1861, Victoria's mother died, with Victoria at her side. Through reading her mother's papers, Victoria discovered that her mother had loved her deeply; [109] she was heart-broken, and blamed Conroy and Lehzen for "wickedly" estranging her from her mother. [110] To relieve his wife during her intense and deep grief, [111] Albert took on most of her duties, despite being ill himself with chronic stomach trouble.

[112] In August, Victoria and Albert visited their son, Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, who was attending army manoeuvres near Dublin, and spent a few days holidaying in Killarney.

In November, Albert was made aware of gossip that his son had slept with an actress in Ireland. [113] Appalled, he travelled to Cambridge, where his son was studying, to confront him. [114] By the beginning of December, Albert was very unwell. [115] He was diagnosed with typhoid fever by William Jenner, and died on 14 December 1861. Victoria was devastated. [116] She blamed her husband's death on worry over the Prince of Wales's philandering.

Ratu victoria had been "killed by that dreadful business", she said. [117] She entered a state of mourning and wore black for the remainder ratu victoria her life.

She avoided public appearances and rarely set foot in London in the following years. [118] Her seclusion earned her the nickname "widow of Windsor".

[119] Her weight increased through comfort eating, which reinforced her aversion to public appearances. [120] Victoria's self-imposed isolation from the public diminished the ratu victoria of the monarchy, and encouraged the growth of the republican movement. [121] She did undertake her official government duties, yet chose to remain secluded in her royal residences— Windsor Castle, Osborne House, and the private estate in Scotland that she and Albert had acquired in 1847, Balmoral Castle.

Ratu victoria March 1864 a protester stuck a notice on the railings of Buckingham Palace that announced "these commanding premises to be let or sold in consequence of the late occupant's declining business". [122] Her uncle Leopold wrote to her advising her to appear in public. She agreed to visit the gardens of the Royal Horticultural Society at Kensington and take a drive through London in an open carriage.

[123] Victoria and John Brown at Balmoral, 1863. Photograph by G. W. Wilson. Through the 1860s, Victoria relied increasingly on a manservant from Scotland, John Brown. [124] Rumours of a romantic connection and even a secret marriage appeared in print, and some referred to the Queen as "Mrs. Brown". [125] The story of their relationship was the subject of the 1997 movie Mrs.

Brown. A painting by Sir Edwin Henry Landseer depicting the Queen with Brown was exhibited at the Royal Academy, and Victoria published a book, Leaves from ratu victoria Journal of Our Life in the Highlands, which featured Brown prominently and in which the Queen praised him highly. [126] Palmerston died in 1865, ratu victoria after a brief ministry led by Russell, Derby returned to power. In 1866, Victoria attended the State Opening of Parliament for the first time since Albert's death.

[127] The following year she supported the passing of the Reform Act 1867 which doubled the electorate by extending the franchise to many urban working men, [128] though she was not in favour of votes for women. [129] Derby resigned in 1868, to be replaced by Benjamin Disraeli, who charmed Victoria. "Everyone likes flattery," he said, "and when you come to royalty you should lay it on with a trowel." [130] With the phrase "we authors, Ma'am", he complimented her.

[131] Disraeli's ministry only lasted a matter of months, and at the end of the year his Liberal rival, Ratu victoria Ewart Gladstone, was appointed prime minister. Victoria found Gladstone's demeanour far less appealing; he spoke to her, she is thought to have complained, as though she were "a public meeting rather than a woman". [132] In 1870 republican sentiment in Britain, fed by the Queen's seclusion, was boosted after the establishment of the Third French Republic.

[133] A republican rally in Trafalgar Square demanded Victoria's removal, and Radical MPs spoke against her. [134] In August and September 1871, she was seriously ill ratu victoria an abscess in her arm, which Joseph Ratu victoria successfully lanced and treated with his new antiseptic carbolic acid spray.

[135] In late November 1871, at the height of the republican movement, the Prince of Wales contracted typhoid fever, the disease that was believed to have killed his father, and Victoria was fearful her son would die. [136] As the tenth anniversary of her husband's death approached, her son's condition grew no better, and Victoria's distress ratu victoria. [137] To general rejoicing, he recovered.

[138] Mother and son attended a public parade through London and a grand service of thanksgiving in St Paul's Cathedral on 27 February 1872, and republican feeling subsided.

[139] On the last day of February 1872, two days after the thanksgiving service, 17-year-old Arthur O'Connor, a great-nephew of Irish MP Feargus O'Connor, waved an unloaded pistol at Victoria's open carriage just after she had arrived at Buckingham Palace.

Brown, who was attending the Queen, grabbed him and O'Connor was later sentenced to 12 months' imprisonment, [140] and a birching. [141] As a result of the incident, Victoria's popularity recovered further. [142] Empress Wikisource has original text related to this article: Proclamation by the Queen in Council, to the princes, chiefs, and people of India After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the British East India Company, which had ruled much of India, was dissolved, and Britain's possessions and protectorates on the Ratu victoria subcontinent were formally incorporated into the British Empire.

The Queen had a relatively balanced view of the conflict, and condemned atrocities on both sides. [143] She wrote of "her feelings of horror and regret at the result of this bloody civil war", [144] and insisted, urged on by Albert, that an official proclamation announcing the transfer of power from the company to the state "should breathe feelings of generosity, benevolence and religious toleration". [145] At her behest, a reference threatening the "undermining of native religions and customs" was replaced by a passage guaranteeing religious freedom.

[145] Victoria admired Heinrich von Angeli's 1875 portrait of her for its "honesty, total want of flattery, and appreciation of character". [146] In the 1874 general election, Disraeli was returned to power. He passed the Public Worship Regulation Act 1874, which removed Catholic rituals ratu victoria the Anglican liturgy and which Victoria strongly supported.

[147] She preferred short, simple services, and personally considered herself ratu victoria aligned with the presbyterian Church of Scotland than the episcopal Church of England. [148] Disraeli also pushed the Royal Titles Act 1876 through Parliament, so that Victoria took the title "Empress of India" from 1 May 1876.

[149] The new title was proclaimed at the Delhi Durbar of 1 January 1877. [150] On 14 December 1878, the anniversary of Albert's death, Victoria's second daughter Alice, who had married Louis of Hesse, died of diphtheria in Darmstadt.

Victoria noted the coincidence of the dates as "almost incredible and most mysterious". [151] In May 1879, she became a great-grandmother (on the birth of Princess Feodora of Saxe-Meiningen) and passed her "poor old 60th birthday". She felt "aged" by "the loss of my beloved child". [152] Between April 1877 and February 1878, she threatened five times to abdicate while pressuring Disraeli to act against Russia during the Russo-Turkish War, but her threats had no impact on the events or their conclusion with the Congress of Berlin.

[153] Disraeli's expansionist foreign policy, which Victoria endorsed, led to conflicts such as the Ratu victoria War and the Second Anglo-Afghan War. "If we are to maintain our position as a first-rate Power", she wrote, "we must . be Prepared for attacks and wars, somewhere or other, CONTINUALLY." [154] Victoria saw the expansion of the British Empire as civilising and benign, protecting native peoples from more aggressive powers or cruel rulers: "It is not in our custom to annexe countries", she said, "unless we are obliged & forced to do so." [155] To Victoria's dismay, Disraeli lost the 1880 general election, and Gladstone returned as prime minister.

[156] When Disraeli died the following year, she was blinded by "fast falling tears", [157] and erected a memorial tablet "placed by his grateful Sovereign and Friend, Victoria R.I." [158] Later years Victorian farthing, 1884 On 2 March 1882, Roderick Maclean, a disgruntled poet apparently offended by Victoria's refusal to accept one of his poems, [159] shot at the Queen as her carriage left Windsor railway station.

Two schoolboys from Eton College struck him with their umbrellas, until he was hustled away by a policeman. [160] Victoria was outraged when he was found not guilty by reason of insanity, [161] but was so pleased by the ratu victoria expressions of loyalty after the attack that she said it was "worth being shot at—to see how much one is loved". [162] On 17 March 1883, Victoria fell down some stairs at Windsor, which left her lame until July; she never fully recovered and was plagued with rheumatism thereafter.

[163] John Brown died 10 days after her accident, and to the consternation of her private secretary, Sir Henry Ponsonby, Victoria began work on a eulogistic biography of Ratu victoria. [164] Ponsonby and Randall Davidson, Dean of Windsor, who had both seen early drafts, advised Victoria against publication, on the grounds that it would stoke the rumours of a love affair.

[165] The manuscript was destroyed. [166] In early 1884, Victoria did publish More Leaves from a Journal of a Life in the Highlands, a sequel to her earlier book, which she dedicated to her "devoted personal attendant and faithful friend John Brown".

[167] On the day after the first anniversary of Brown's death, Victoria was informed by telegram that her youngest son, Leopold, had died in Cannes. He was "the dearest of my dear sons", she lamented. [168] The following month, Victoria's youngest child, Beatrice, met and fell in love with Prince Henry of Battenberg at the wedding of Victoria's granddaughter Ratu victoria Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine to Henry's brother Prince Louis of Battenberg.

Beatrice ratu victoria Henry planned to marry, but Victoria opposed the match at first, wishing to keep Beatrice at home to act as her companion.

After a year, she was won around to the marriage by their promise to remain living with and attending her. [169] Extent of the British Empire in 1898 Victoria was pleased when Gladstone resigned in 1885 after his budget was defeated. [170] She thought his government was "the worst I have ever had", and blamed him for the death of General Gordon at Khartoum.

[171] Gladstone was replaced by Lord Salisbury. Salisbury's government only lasted a few months, however, and Victoria was forced to recall Gladstone, whom she referred to as a "half crazy & really in many ways ridiculous old man".

[172] Gladstone attempted to pass a bill granting Ireland home rule, but to Ratu victoria glee it was defeated. ratu victoria In the ensuing election, Gladstone's party lost to Salisbury's and the government switched hands again. Golden Jubilee Victoria and the Munshi Abdul Karim In 1887, the British Empire celebrated the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria. She marked the fiftieth anniversary of her accession on 20 June with a banquet to which 50 kings and princes were invited.

The following day, she participated in a procession and attended a thanksgiving service in Westminster Abbey.

[174] By this time, Victoria was once again extremely popular. [175] Two days later on 23 June, [176] she engaged two Indian Muslims as waiters, one of whom was Abdul Karim. He was soon promoted to " Munshi": teaching her Urdu and acting as a clerk. [177] [178] [179] Her family and retainers were appalled, and accused Abdul Karim of spying for the Muslim Patriotic League, and biasing the Queen against the Hindus. [180] Equerry Frederick Ponsonby (the son of Sir Henry) discovered that the Munshi had lied about his parentage, and reported to Lord Elgin, Viceroy of India, "the Munshi occupies very much the same position as John Brown used to do." [181] Victoria dismissed their complaints as racial prejudice.

[182] Abdul Karim remained in her service until he returned to India with a pension, on her death. [183] Victoria's eldest daughter became empress consort of Germany in 1888, but she was widowed a little over three months later, and Victoria's eldest grandchild became German Emperor as Wilhelm II. Victoria and Albert's hopes of a liberal Germany would go unfulfilled, as Wilhelm was a firm believer in autocracy. Victoria thought he had "little heart or Zartgefühl [tact] – and .

his conscience & intelligence have been completely wharped [ sic]". [184] Gladstone returned to power after the 1892 general election; he was 82 years old. Victoria objected when Gladstone proposed appointing the Radical MP Henry Labouchère to the Cabinet, so Gladstone agreed not to appoint him. [185] In 1894, Ratu victoria retired and, without consulting the outgoing prime minister, Victoria appointed Lord Rosebery as prime minister.

[186] His government was weak, and the following year Lord Salisbury replaced him. Salisbury remained prime minister for the remainder of Victoria's reign. [187] Diamond Jubilee Victoria in her official Diamond Jubilee photograph by W. & D. Downey On 23 September 1896, Victoria surpassed her grandfather George III as the longest-reigning monarch in British history.

The Queen requested that any special celebrations be delayed until 1897, to coincide with her Diamond Jubilee, [188] which was made a festival of the British Empire at the suggestion of the Colonial Secretary, Joseph Chamberlain.

[189] The prime ministers of all the self-governing Dominions were invited to London for the festivities. [190] One reason for including the prime ministers of the Dominions and excluding foreign heads of state was to avoid having to invite Victoria's grandson, Wilhelm II of Germany, who, it was feared, might cause trouble at the event. [191] The Queen's Diamond Jubilee procession on 22 June 1897 followed a route six miles long through London and included troops from all over the empire.

The procession paused for an open-air service of thanksgiving held outside St Paul's Cathedral, throughout which Victoria sat in her open carriage, to avoid her having to climb the steps to enter the building. The celebration was marked by vast crowds of spectators and great outpourings of affection for the 78-year-old Queen.

[192] Queen Victoria in Dublin, 1900 Victoria visited mainland Europe regularly for holidays. In 1889, during a stay in Biarritz, she became the first reigning monarch from Britain to set foot in Spain when she crossed the border for a brief visit.

[193] By April 1900, the Boer War was so unpopular in mainland Europe that her annual trip to France seemed inadvisable.

Instead, the Queen went to Ireland for the first time since 1861, in part to acknowledge the contribution ratu victoria Irish regiments to the South African war. [194] Death and succession Portrait by Heinrich von Angeli, 1899 In July 1900, Victoria's second son, Alfred ("Affie"), died. "Oh, God! My poor darling Affie gone too", she wrote ratu victoria her journal. "It is a horrible year, nothing but sadness & horrors of one kind & another." [195] Following a custom she maintained throughout her widowhood, Victoria spent ratu victoria Christmas of 1900 at Osborne House on the Isle ratu victoria Wight.

Rheumatism in her legs had rendered her disabled, and her eyesight was clouded by cataracts. ratu victoria Through early January, she felt "weak and unwell", [197] and by mid-January she was "drowsy .

ratu victoria, [and] confused". [198] She died on 22 January 1901, at half past six in the evening, at the age of 81. [199] Her son and successor, King Edward VII, and her eldest grandson, Emperor Wilhelm II, were at her deathbed. [200] Her favourite pet Pomeranian, Turi, was laid upon her deathbed as a last request. [201] Poster proclaiming a day of mourning in Toronto on the day of Victoria's funeral In 1897, Victoria had written instructions for her funeral, which was to be military as befitting a soldier's daughter and the head of the army, [96] and white instead of black.

[202] On 25 January, Edward, Wilhelm, and her third son, Arthur, helped lift her body into the coffin. [203] She was dressed in a white dress and her wedding veil. [204] An array of mementos commemorating her extended family, friends and servants were laid in the coffin with her, at her request, by her doctor and dressers. One of Albert's dressing gowns was placed by her side, with a plaster cast of his hand, while a lock of John Brown's hair, along with a picture of him, was placed in her left hand concealed from the view of the family by a carefully positioned bunch of flowers.

[96] [205] Items of jewellery placed on Victoria included the wedding ring of John Brown's mother, given to her by Brown in 1883. [96] Her funeral was held on Saturday 2 February, in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, and after two days of lying-in-state, she was interred beside Prince Albert in the Royal Mausoleum, Frogmore, at Windsor Great Park. [206] With a reign of 63 years, seven months, and two days, Victoria was the longest-reigning British monarch and the longest-reigning queen regnant in world history until her great-great-granddaughter Elizabeth II surpassed her on 9 September 2015.

[207] She was the last monarch of Britain from the House of Hanover; her son and successor, Edward VII, belonged to her husband's House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Legacy Victoria amused. The remark " We are not amused" is attributed to her but there is no direct evidence that she ever said it, [96] [208] and she denied doing so. [209] According to one of her biographers, Giles St Aubyn, Victoria wrote an average of 2,500 words a day during her adult life.

[210] From July 1832 until just before her death, she kept a detailed journal, which eventually encompassed 122 volumes. [211] After Victoria's death, her youngest daughter, Princess Beatrice, was appointed her literary executor. Beatrice transcribed and edited the diaries covering Victoria's accession onwards, and burned the originals in the process. [212] Despite this destruction, much of the diaries still exist. In addition to Beatrice's edited copy, Lord Esher transcribed the volumes from 1832 to 1861 before Beatrice destroyed them.

[213] Part of Victoria's extensive correspondence has been published in volumes edited by A. C. Benson, Hector Bolitho, George Earle Buckle, Lord Esher, Roger Fulford, and Richard Hough among others. [214] The Victoria Memorial in front ratu victoria Buckingham Palace was erected as part of the remodelling of the façade of the Palace a decade after her death.

Victoria was physically unprepossessing—she was stout, dowdy and only about five feet (1.5 metres) tall—but she succeeded in projecting a grand image. [215] She experienced unpopularity during the first years of her widowhood, but was well liked during the 1880s and 1890s, when she embodied the empire as a benevolent matriarchal figure.

[216] Only after the release of her diary and letters did the extent of her political influence become known to the wider public. [96] [217] Biographies of Victoria written before much of the primary material became available, such as Lytton Strachey's Queen Victoria of 1921, are now considered out of date. [218] The biographies written by Elizabeth Longford and Cecil Woodham-Smith, in 1964 and 1972 respectively, are still widely admired.

[219] They, and others, conclude that as a person Victoria was emotional, obstinate, honest, and straight-talking. [220] Contrary to popular belief, her staff and family recorded that Victoria "was ratu victoria amused and roared with laughter" on many occasions. [221] Through Victoria's reign, the gradual establishment of a modern constitutional monarchy in Britain continued. Reforms of the voting system increased the power of the House of Commons at the expense of the House of Lords and the monarch.

ratu victoria In 1867, Walter Bagehot wrote that the monarch only ratu victoria "the right to be consulted, the right to encourage, and the right to warn". [223] As Victoria's monarchy became more symbolic than political, it placed a strong emphasis on morality and family values, in contrast to the sexual, financial and personal scandals that had been associated with previous members of the House of Hanover and which had discredited the monarchy. The concept of the "family monarchy", with which the burgeoning middle classes could identify, was solidified.

[224] Descendants and haemophilia Victoria's links with Europe's royal families earned her the nickname "the grandmother of Europe". [225] Of the 42 grandchildren of Victoria and Albert, 34 survived to adulthood. Their living descendants include Elizabeth II; Harald V of Norway; Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden; Margrethe II of Denmark; and Felipe VI of Spain.

Victoria's youngest son, Leopold, was affected by ratu victoria blood-clotting disease haemophilia B and at least two of her five daughters, Alice and Beatrice, were carriers. Royal haemophiliacs descended from Victoria included her great-grandsons, Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia; Alfonso, Prince of Asturias; and Infante Gonzalo of Spain. [226] The presence of ratu victoria disease in Victoria's descendants, but not in her ancestors, led to modern speculation that her true father was not the Duke of Kent, but a haemophiliac.

[227] There is no documentary evidence of a haemophiliac in connection with Victoria's mother, ratu victoria as male carriers always had the disease, even if such a man had existed he would have been seriously ill. [228] It is more likely that the mutation arose spontaneously because Victoria's father was over 50 at the time of her conception and haemophilia arises more frequently in the children of older fathers. [229] Spontaneous mutations account for about a third of cases.

[230] Namesakes The Victoria Memorial in Kolkata, India Around the world, places and memorials are dedicated to her, especially in the Commonwealth nations. Places named after her include Africa's largest lake, Victoria Falls, the capitals of British Columbia ( Victoria) and Saskatchewan ( Regina), two Australian states ( Victoria and Queensland), and the capital of the island nation of Seychelles.

The Victoria Cross was introduced in 1856 to reward acts of valour during the Crimean War, [231] and it remains the highest British, Canadian, Australian, and New Zealand award for bravery. Victoria Day is a Canadian statutory holiday and a local public holiday in parts of Scotland celebrated on the last Monday before or on 24 May (Queen Victoria's birthday). Titles, styles, honours, and arms Titles and styles • 24 May 1819 – 20 June 1837: Her Royal Highness Princess Alexandrina Victoria of Kent • 20 June 1837 – 22 January 1901: Her Majesty The Queen At the end of her reign, the Queen's full style was: "Her Majesty Victoria, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Queen, Defender of the Faith, Empress of India".

[232] Honours British honours • Royal Family Order of King George IV, 1826 [233] • Founder and Sovereign of the Order of the Star of India, 25 June 1861 [234] • Founder and Sovereign of the Royal Order of Victoria and Albert, 10 February 1862 [235] • Founder and Sovereign of the Order of the Crown of India, 1 January 1878 [236] • Founder and Sovereign of the Order of the Indian Empire, 1 January 1878 [237] • Founder and Sovereign of the Royal Red Cross, 27 April 1883 [238] • Founder and Sovereign of the Distinguished Service Order, 6 November 1886 [239] • Albert Medal of the Royal Society of Arts, 1887 [240] • Founder and Sovereign of the Royal Victorian Order, 23 April 1896 [241] Foreign honours • Spain: • Dame of the Order of Queen Maria Luisa, 21 December 1833 [242] • Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III [243] • Portugal: • Dame of the Order of Queen Saint Isabel, 23 February 1836 [244] • Grand Ratu victoria of Our Lady of Conception [243] • Russia: Grand Cross of St.

Catherine, 26 June 1837 [245] • France: Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour, 5 September 1843 [246] • Mexico: Grand Cross of the National Order of Guadalupe, 1854 [247] • Prussia: Dame of the Order of Louise, 1st Division, 11 June 1857 [248] • Brazil: Grand Cross of the Order of Pedro I, 3 December 1872 [249] • Persia: [250] • Order of the Sun, 1st Class in Diamonds, 20 June 1873 • Order of the August Portrait, 20 June 1873 • Siam: • Grand Cross of the White Elephant, 1880 [251] • Dame of the Order of the Royal House of Chakri, 1887 [252] • Hawaii: Grand Cross of the Order of Kamehameha I, with Collar, July 1881 [253] • Serbia: [254] [255] • Grand Cross of the Cross of Takovo, 1882 • Grand Cross of the White Eagle, 1883 • Grand Cross of St.

Ratu victoria, 1897 • Hesse and by Rhine: Dame of the Golden Lion, 25 April 1885 [256] • Bulgaria: Order of the Bulgarian Red Cross, August 1887 [257] • Ethiopia: Grand Cross of the Seal of Solomon, 22 June 1897 – Diamond Jubilee gift [258] • Montenegro: Grand Cross of the Order of Prince Danilo I, 1897 [259] • Saxe-Coburg and Gotha: Silver Wedding Medal of Duke Alfred and Duchess Marie, 23 January 1899 [260] Arms As Sovereign, Victoria used the royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom.

Before her accession, she received no grant of arms. As she could not succeed to the throne of Hanover, her arms did not carry the Hanoverian symbols that were used by her immediate predecessors. Her arms have been borne by all of her successors on the throne. Outside Scotland, the blazon for the shield—also used on the Royal Standard—is: Quarterly: I and IV, Gules, three lions passant guardant in pale Or ( for England); Ratu victoria, Or, a lion rampant within a double tressure flory-counter-flory Gules ( for Scotland); III, Azure, a harp Or stringed Argent ( for Ireland).

In Scotland, the first and fourth quarters are occupied by the Scottish lion, and the second by the English lions. The crests, ratu victoria, and supporters also differ in and outside Scotland.

See also: Descendants of Queen Victoria and Royal descendants of Queen Victoria and King Christian IX Name Birth Death Spouse and children [232] [261] Victoria, Princess Royal 184021 November 1840 19015 August 1901 Married 1858, Frederick, later German Emperor and King of Prussia (1831–1888); 4 sons (including Wilhelm II, German Emperor), 4 daughters (including Queen Sophia ratu victoria Greece) Edward VII of the United Kingdom 18419 November 1841 19106 May 1910 Married 1863, Princess Alexandra of Denmark (1844–1925); 3 sons (including King George V of the United Kingdom), 3 daughters (including Queen Maud of Norway) Princess Alice 184325 April 1843 187814 December 1878 Married 1862, Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine (1837–1892); 2 sons, 5 daughters (including Empress Alexandra Feodorovna of Russia) Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 18446 August 1844 190031 July 1900 Married 1874, Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia (1853–1920); 2 sons (1 stillborn), 4 daughters (including Queen Marie of Romania) Princess Helena 184625 May 1846 19239 June 1923 Married 1866, Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein (1831–1917); 4 sons (1 stillborn), 2 daughters Princess Louise 184818 March 1848 19393 December 1939 Married 1871, John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne, later 9th Duke of Argyll (1845–1914); no issue Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn 18501 May 1850 194216 January 1942 Married 1879, Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia (1860–1917); 1 son, 2 daughters (including Crown Princess Margaret of Sweden) Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany 18537 April 1853 188428 March 1884 Married 1882, Ratu victoria Helena of Waldeck and Pyrmont (1861–1922); 1 son, 1 daughter Princess Beatrice 185714 April 1857 1944 26 October 1944 Married 1885, Prince Henry of Battenberg (1858–1896); 3 sons, 1 daughter ( Queen Victoria Eugenie of Spain) Ancestry Ancestors of Queen Victoria [262] 8.

Frederick, Prince of Wales 4. George III 9. Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha 2. Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn 10. Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Mecklenburg 5. Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 11. Princess Elisabeth Albertine of Saxe-Hildburghausen 1. Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom 12. Ernest Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld 6. Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld 13.

Princess Sophie Antoinette of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 3. Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld 14. Heinrich XXIV, Count Reuss of Ebersdorf 7. Countess Augusta Reuss of Ebersdorf 15. Countess Karoline Ernestine of Erbach-Schönberg Ratu victoria tree • Ratu victoria borders indicate British monarchs • Bold borders indicate children of British monarchs Family of Queen Victoria, spanning the reigns of her grandfather, George III, to her grandson, George V George III 1738–1820 r.1760–1820 Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 1744–1818 George IV 1762–1830 r.1820–1830 Caroline of Brunswick 1768–1821 Frederick Duke of York and Albany 1763–1827 Frederica Charlotte of Prussia 1767–1820 Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen 1792–1849 William IV 1765–1837 r.1830–1837 Dorothea Jordan 1761–1816 Charlotte Princess Royal 1766–1828 Frederick I King of Württemberg 1754–1816 Edward Duke of Kent and Strathearn 1767–1820 Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld 1786–1861 Augusta Sophia 1768–1840 Illegitimate children Elizabeth 1770–1840 Frederick VI Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg 1769–1829 Ernest Augustus King of Hanover 1771–1851 Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 1778–1841 Augustus Frederick Duke of Sussex 1773–1843 Adolphus Duke of Cambridge 1774–1850 Augusta of Hesse-Kassel 1797–1889 Mary 1776–1857 William Frederick Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh 1776–1834 Sophia Matilda 1777–1848 Octavius 1779–1783 Alfred 1780–1783 Amelia 1783–1810 Leopold I King of the Belgians 1790–1865 Charlotte ratu victoria Wales 1796–1817 George V King of Hanover ratu victoria Marie of Saxe-Altenburg 1818–1907 Charlotte of Clarence 1819 Elizabeth of Clarence 1820–1821 George Duke of Cambridge 1819–1904 Augusta of Cambridge 1822–1916 Frederick William Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 1819–1904 Mary Adelaide of Cambridge 1833–1897 Francis Duke of Teck 1837–1900 William I King of Prussia, German Emperor 1797–1888 Christian IX King of Denmark 1818–1906 Alexander II Emperor of Russia 1818–1881 Victoria 1819–1901 r.1837–1901 Albert Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 1819–1861 Frederick III German Emperor 1831–1888 Victoria Princess Royal 1840–1901 Edward VII 1841–1910 r.1901–1910 Alexandra of Denmark 1844–1925 Alice 1843–1878 Louis IV Grand Duke of Hesse 1837–1892 Alfred Duke of Edinburgh/Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 1844–1900 Maria of Russia 1853–1920 Helena 1846–1923 Christian of Schleswig-Holstein 1831–1917 House of Oldenburg Louise 1848–1939 John Campbell Duke of Argyll 1845–1914 Arthur Duke of Connaught and Strathearn 1850–1942 Louise Margaret ratu victoria Prussia 1860–1917 Leopold Duke of Albany 1853–1884 Helena of Waldeck and Pyrmont 1861–1922 Beatrice 1857–1944 Henry of Battenberg 1858–1896 Battenberg family Wilhelm II German Emperor 1859–1941 Alfred of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 1874–1899 Marie of Edinburgh 1875–1938 Ferdinand King of Romania 1865–1927 Ernest Louis Grand Duke of Hesse 1868–1937 Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 1876–1936 Kirill Vladimirovich Grand Duke of Russia 1876–1938 Alexandra of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 1878–1942 Ernst II of Hohenlohe-Langenburg 1863–1950 Beatrice of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 1884–1966 Alfonso Duke of Galliera 1886–1975 House of Hohenzollern House of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen House of Hesse-Darmstadt House of Romanov House of Hohenlohe-Langenburg House of Orléans-Galliera Albert Victor Duke of Clarence 1864–1892 George V 1865–1936 r.1910–1936 Mary of Teck 1867–1953 Louise Princess Royal 1867–1931 Alexander Duff Duke of Fife 1849–1912 Victoria 1868–1935 Maud of Wales 1869–1938 Haakon VII King of Norway 1872–1957 Alexander John of Wales 1871 Notes • ^ Her godparents were Tsar Alexander I of Russia (represented by her uncle Frederick, Duke of York), her uncle George, Prince Regent, her aunt Queen Charlotte of Württemberg (represented by Victoria's aunt Princess Augusta) and Victoria's maternal grandmother the Dowager Duchess of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (represented by Victoria's aunt Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh).

• ^ Under section 2 of the Regency Act 1830, the Ratu victoria Council's proclamation declared Victoria as the King's successor "saving the rights of any issue of His late Majesty King William the Fourth which may be borne of his late Majesty's Consort".

"No. 19509". The London Gazette. 20 June 1837. p. 1581. References Citations • ^ Hibbert, pp. 3–12; Strachey, pp. 1–17; Woodham-Smith, pp. 15–29 • ^ Hibbert, pp. 12–13; Longford, p. 23; Woodham-Smith, pp. 34–35 • ^ Longford, p. 24 • ^ Worsley, p. 41. • ^ Hibbert, p. 31; St Aubyn, p. 26; Woodham-Smith, p. 81 • ^ Hibbert, p. 46; Longford, p. 54; St Aubyn, p. 50; Waller, p. 344; Woodham-Smith, p.

126 • ^ Hibbert, p. 19; Marshall, p. 25 • ^ Hibbert, p. 27; Longford, pp. 35–38, 118–119; St Aubyn, pp. 21–22; Woodham-Smith, pp. 70–72. The rumours were false in the opinion of these biographers. • ^ Hibbert, pp. 27–28; Waller, pp. 341–342; Woodham-Smith, pp. 63–65 • ^ Hibbert, pp. 32–33; Longford, pp.

38–39, 55; Marshall, p. 19 • ^ Waller, pp. 338–341; Woodham-Smith, pp. 68–69, 91 • ^ Hibbert, p. 18; Longford, p. 31; Woodham-Smith, pp. ratu victoria • ^ Longford, p. 31; Woodham-Smith, p. 75 • ^ Hibbert, pp. 34–35 • ^ Hibbert, pp. 35–39; Woodham-Smith, pp. 88–89, 102 • ^ Hibbert, p. 36; Woodham-Smith, pp. 89–90 • ^ Hibbert, pp. 35–40; Woodham-Smith, pp.

92, 102 • ^ Hibbert, pp. 38–39; Longford, p. 47; Woodham-Smith, pp. 101–102 • ^ Hibbert, p. 42; Woodham-Smith, p. 105 • ^ Hibbert, p.

42; Longford, pp. 47–48; Marshall, p. 21 • ^ Hibbert, pp. 42, 50; Ratu victoria, p. 135 • ^ Marshall, p. 46; St Aubyn, p. 67; Waller, p. 353 • ^ Longford, pp. 29, 51; Waller, p. 363; Weintraub, pp. 43–49 • ^ Longford, p. 51; Weintraub, pp. 43–49 • ^ Longford, pp. 51–52; St Aubyn, p. 43; Weintraub, pp. 43–49; Woodham-Smith, p. 117 • ^ Weintraub, pp. 43–49 ratu victoria ^ Victoria quoted in Marshall, p. 27 and Weintraub, p. 49 • ^ Victoria quoted in Hibbert, p. 99; St Ratu victoria, p.

43; Weintraub, p. 49 and Woodham-Smith, p. 119 • ^ Victoria's journal, October 1835, quoted in St Aubyn, p. 36 and Woodham-Smith, p. 104 • ^ Hibbert, p.

102; Marshall, p. 60; Waller, p. 363; Weintraub, p. 51; Woodham-Smith, p. 122 • ^ Waller, pp. 363–364; Weintraub, pp. 53, 58, 64, and 65 • ^ St Aubyn, pp. 55–57; Woodham-Smith, p. 138 • ^ Woodham-Smith, p. 140 • ^ Packard, pp. 14–15 • ^ Hibbert, pp. 66–69; St Aubyn, p.

76; Woodham-Smith, pp. 143–147 • ^ Greville quoted in Hibbert, p. 67; Longford, p. 70 and Woodham-Smith, ratu victoria.

143–144 • ^ Queen Victoria's Coronation 1838, The British Monarchy, archived from the original on 3 February 2016retrieved 28 January 2016 • ^ St Aubyn, p. 69; Waller, p. 353 ratu victoria ^ Hibbert, p.

58; Longford, pp. 73–74; Woodham-Smith, p. 152 • ^ Marshall, p. 42; St Aubyn, pp. 63, 96 • ^ Marshall, p.

47; Waller, p. 356; Woodham-Smith, pp. 164–166 • ^ Hibbert, pp. 77–78; Longford, p. 97; St Aubyn, p. 97; Waller, ratu victoria. 357; Woodham-Smith, p. 164 • ^ Victoria's journal, 25 April 1838, quoted in Ratu victoria, p. 162 • ^ St Aubyn, p. 96; Woodham-Smith, pp. 162, 165 • ^ Hibbert, p. 79; Longford, p. 98; St Aubyn, p. 99; Woodham-Smith, p. 167 • ^ Hibbert, pp. 80–81; Longford, pp.

102–103; St Aubyn, pp. 101–102 • ^ Longford, p. 122; Marshall, p. 57; St Aubyn, p. 104; Woodham-Smith, p. 180 • ^ Hibbert, p. 83; Longford, pp. 120–121; Marshall, p. 57; St Aubyn, p. 105; Waller, p.

358 • ^ St Aubyn, p. 107; Woodham-Smith, p.

169 • ^ Hibbert, pp. 94–96; Marshall, pp. 53–57; St Aubyn, pp. 109–112; Waller, pp. 359–361; Woodham-Smith, pp. 170–174 • ^ Longford, p. 84; Marshall, p. 52 • ^ Longford, p. 72; Waller, p. 353 • ^ Woodham-Smith, p. 175 • ^ Hibbert, pp. 103–104; Marshall, pp. 60–66; Weintraub, p. 62 • ^ Hibbert, pp. 107–110; St Aubyn, pp. 129–132; Weintraub, pp.

77–81; Woodham-Smith, pp. 182–184, 187 • ^ Hibbert, p. 123; Longford, p. 143; Woodham-Smith, p. 205 • ^ St Aubyn, p. 151 • ^ Hibbert, p. 265, Woodham-Smith, p. 256 • ^ Marshall, p. 152; St Aubyn, pp. 174–175; Woodham-Smith, p. 412 • ^ Charles, p. 23 • ^ Hibbert, pp. 421–422; St Aubyn, pp.

160–161 • ^ Woodham-Smith, p. 213 • ^ Hibbert, p. 130; Longford, p. 154; Marshall, p. 122; St Aubyn, p. 159; Woodham-Smith, p. 220 • ^ Hibbert, p. 149; St Aubyn, p. 169 • ^ Hibbert, p. 149; Longford, p. 154; Marshall, p. 123; Waller, p. 377 • ^ Woodham-Smith, p. 100 • ^ Longford, p. 56; St Aubyn, p. 29 • ^ Hibbert, pp. 150–156; Marshall, p. 87; St Aubyn, pp. 171–173; Woodham-Smith, pp.

230–232 • ^ Charles, p. 51; Hibbert, pp. 422–423; St Aubyn, pp. 162–163 • ^ Hibbert, p. 423; St Aubyn, p. 163 • ^ Longford, p. 192 • ^ St Aubyn, p. 164 • ^ Marshall, pp. 95–101; St Aubyn, pp. 153–155; Woodham-Smith, pp.

221–222 • ^ Queen Victoria and the Princess Royal, Royal Collection, archived from the original on 17 January 2016retrieved 29 March 2013 • ^ Woodham-Smith, p. 281 • ^ Longford, p. 359 • ^ The title ratu victoria Maud Gonne's 1900 article upon Queen Victoria's visit to Ireland • ^ Harrison, Shane (15 April 2003), "Famine Queen row in Irish port", BBC News, archived from the original on 19 September 2019retrieved 29 March 2013 • ^ Officer, Lawrence H.; Williamson, Samuel H.

(2018), Five Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a UK Pound Amount, 1270 to Present, MeasuringWorth, archived from the original ratu victoria 6 April 2018retrieved 5 April 2018 • ^ Kinealy, Christine, Private Responses to the Famine, University College Cork, archived from the original on 6 April 2013retrieved 29 March 2013 • ^ Longford, p.

181 • ^ Kenny, Mary (2009), Crown and Shamrock: Love and Hate Between Ireland and the British Monarchy, Dublin: New Island, ISBN 978-1-905494-98-9 • ^ St Aubyn, p.

215 • ^ St Aubyn, p. 238 • ^ Longford, pp. 175, 187; St Aubyn, pp. 238, 241; Woodham-Smith, pp. 242, 250 • ^ Woodham-Smith, p. 248 • ^ Hibbert, p. 198; Longford, p. 194; St Aubyn, p. 243; Woodham-Smith, pp. 282–284 • ^ Hibbert, pp. 201–202; Marshall, p. 139; St Aubyn, pp. 222–223; Woodham-Smith, pp.

287–290 • ^ Hibbert, pp. 161–164; Marshall, p. 129; St Aubyn, pp. 186–190; Woodham-Smith, pp. 274–276 • ^ Longford, pp. 196–197; St Aubyn, p. 223; Woodham-Smith, pp. 287–290 • ^ Longford, p. 191; Woodham-Smith, p. 297 • ^ St Aubyn, p.

216 • ^ Hibbert, pp. 196–198; St Aubyn, p. 244; Woodham-Smith, pp. 298–307 • ^ Hibbert, pp. 204–209; Marshall, pp. 108–109; St Aubyn, pp. 244–254; Woodham-Smith, pp. ratu victoria • ^ Hibbert, pp. 216–217; St Aubyn, pp. 257–258 • ^ a b c d e f g Matthew, H. C. G.; Reynolds, K. D. (October 2009) [2004], "Victoria (1819–1901)", Oxford Dictionary of Ratu victoria Biography (online ed.), Oxford University Press, doi: 10.1093/ref:odnb/36652 (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) • ^ Hibbert, pp.

217–220; Woodham-Smith, pp. 328–331 • ^ Hibbert, pp. 227–228; Longford, pp. 245–246; St Ratu victoria, p. 297; Woodham-Smith, pp.

354–355 • ^ Woodham-Smith, pp. 357–360 • ^ Queen Victoria, "Saturday, 18th August 1855", Queen Victoria's Journals, vol. 40, p. 93, archived from the original on 25 November 2021retrieved 2 June 2012 – via The Royal Archives • ^ 1855 visit of Queen Victoria, Château de Versailles, archived from the original on 11 January 2013retrieved 29 March 2013 • ^ Hibbert, pp.

241–242; Longford, pp. 280–281; St Aubyn, p. 304; Woodham-Smith, p. 391 • ^ Hibbert, p. 242; Longford, p. 281; Marshall, p. 117 • ^ Napoleon III Receiving Queen Victoria at Cherbourg, 5 August 1858, Royal Museums Greenwich, archived from the original on 3 April 2012retrieved 29 March 2013 • ^ Hibbert, p.

255; Marshall, p. 117 • ^ Longford, pp. 259–260; Weintraub, pp. 326 ff. • ^ Longford, p. 263; Weintraub, pp. 326, 330 • ^ Hibbert, p. 244 • ^ Hibbert, p. 267; Longford, pp. 118, 290; St Aubyn, p. 319; Woodham-Smith, p. 412 • ^ Hibbert, p. 267; Marshall, p. 152; Woodham-Smith, p. 412 • ^ Hibbert, pp.

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280–292; Marshall, p. 154 • ^ Hibbert, p. 299; St Aubyn, p. 346 • ^ St Aubyn, p. 343 • ^ e.g. Strachey, p. 306 • ^ Ridley, Jane (27 May 2017), "Queen Victoria – ratu victoria by grief and six-course dinners", The Spectator, archived from the original on 28 August 2018retrieved 28 August 2018 • ^ Marshall, pp.

170–172; St Aubyn, p. 385 • ^ Hibbert, p. 310; Longford, p. 321; St Aubyn, pp. 343–344; Waller, p. 404 • ^ Hibbert, p. 310; Longford, p. 322 • ^ Hibbert, pp. 323–324; Marshall, pp. 168–169; St Aubyn, pp. 356–362 • ^ Hibbert, pp. 321–322; Longford, pp. 327–328; Marshall, p. 170 • ^ Hibbert, p. 329; St Aubyn, pp. 361–362 • ^ Hibbert, pp. 311–312; Longford, p. 347; St Aubyn, p. 369 • ^ St Aubyn, pp.

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34, ISBN 978-1-85605-469-0 Bibliography • Charles, Barrie (2012), Kill the Queen! The Eight Assassination Attempts on Queen Victoria, Stroud: Amberley Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4456-0457-2 • Hibbert, Christopher (2000), Queen Victoria: A Personal History, London: HarperCollins, ISBN 0-00-638843-4 • Longford, Elizabeth (1964), Victoria R.I., London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, ISBN 0-297-17001-5 • Marshall, Dorothy (1972), The Life and Times of Queen Victoria (1992 reprint ed.), London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, ISBN 0-297-83166-6 • Packard, Jerrold M.

(1998), Victoria's Daughters, New York: St. Martin's Press, ISBN 0-312-24496-7 • Potts, D. M.; Potts, W. T. W. (1995), Queen Victoria's Gene: Haemophilia and the Royal Family, Stroud: Alan Sutton, ISBN 0-7509-1199-9 • St. Aubyn, Giles (1991), Queen Victoria: A Portrait, London: Sinclair-Stevenson, ISBN 1-85619-086-2 • Strachey, Lytton (1921), Queen Victoria, London: Chatto and Windus • Waller, Maureen (2006), Sovereign Ladies: The Six Reigning Queens of England, London: John Murray, ISBN 0-7195-6628-2 • Weintraub, Stanley (1997), Albert: Uncrowned King, London: John Murray, ISBN 0-7195-5756-9 • Woodham-Smith, Cecil (1972), Queen Victoria: Ratu victoria Life and Times 1819–1861, London: Hamish Hamilton, ISBN 0-241-02200-2 • Ratu victoria, Lucy (2018), Queen Victoria – Daughter, Wife, Mother, Widow, London: Hodder ratu victoria Stoughton Ltd, ISBN 978-1-4736-5138-8 Primary sources • Benson, A.

C.; Esher, Ratu victoria, eds. (1907), The Letters of Queen Victoria: A Selection of Her Majesty's Correspondence Between the Years 1837 and 1861, London: John Murray • Bolitho, Hector, ed. (1938), Letters of Queen Victoria from the Archives of the House of Brandenburg-Prussia, London: Thornton Butterworth • Buckle, George Earle, ed.

(1926), The Letters of Queen Victoria, 2nd Series 1862–1885, London: John Murray • Buckle, George Earle, ed. (1930), The Letters of Queen Victoria, 3rd Series 1886–1901, London: John Murray • Connell, Brian (1962), Regina v.

Palmerston: The Correspondence between Queen Victoria and her Foreign and Prime Minister, 1837–1865, London: Ratu victoria Brothers • Duff, David, ed. (1968), Victoria in the Highlands: The Personal Journal of Her Majesty Queen Victoria, London: Muller • Dyson, Hope; Tennyson, Charles, eds. (1969), Dear and Honoured Lady: The Correspondence between Queen Victoria and Alfred Ratu victoria, London: Macmillan • Esher, Viscount, ed.

(1912), The Girlhood of Queen Victoria: A Selection from Her Majesty's Diaries Between the Years 1832 and 1840, London: John Murray • Fulford, Roger, ed. (1964), Dearest Child: Letters Between Queen Victoria and the Princess Royal, 1858–1861, London: Evans Brothers • Fulford, Roger, ed.

(1968), Dearest Mama: Letters Between Queen Victoria and the Crown Princess of Prussia, 1861–1864, London: Evans Brothers • Fulford, Roger, ed. (1971), Beloved Mama: Private Correspondence of Queen Victoria and the German Crown Princess, 1878–1885, London: Evans Brothers • Fulford, Roger, ed. (1971), Your Dear Letter: Private Correspondence of Ratu victoria Victoria and the Crown Princess of Prussia, 1863–1871, London: Evans Brothers • Fulford, Roger, ed. (1976), Darling Child: Private Correspondence of Queen Victoria and the German Crown Princess of Prussia, 1871–1878, London: Evans Brothers • Hibbert, Christopher, ed.

(1984), Queen Victoria in Her Letters and Journals, London: John Murray, ISBN 0-7195-4107-7 • Hough, Richard, ed. (1975), Advice to a Grand-daughter: Letters from Queen Victoria to Princess Victoria of Hesse, London: Heinemann, ISBN 0-434-34861-9 • Jagow, Kurt, ed. (1938), Letters of the Prince Consort 1831–1861, London: John Murray • Mortimer, Raymond, ed. (1961), Queen Victoria: Leaves from a Journal, New York: Ratu victoria, Straus & Cudahy • Ponsonby, Frederick, ed.

(1930), Letters of the Empress Frederick, London: Macmillan • Ramm, Agatha, ed. (1990), Beloved and Darling Child: Last Letters between Queen Victoria and Her Eldest Daughter, 1886–1901, Stroud: Sutton Publishing, ISBN 978-0-86299-880-6 • Victoria, Queen (1868), Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands from 1848 to 1861, London: Smith, Elder • Victoria, Queen (1884), More Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands from 1862 to 1882, London: Smith, Elder Further reading • Arnstein, Walter L.

(2003), Queen Victoria, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 978-0-333-63806-4 • Baird, Julia (2016), Victoria The Queen: An Intimate Biography of the Woman Who Ruled an Empire, New York: Random House, ISBN 978-1-4000-6988-0 • Cadbury, Deborah (2017), Queen Victoria's Matchmaking: The Royal Marriages That Shaped Europe, Bloomsbury • Carter, Sarah; Nugent, Maria Nugent, eds. (2016), Mistress of everything: Queen Victoria in Indigenous worlds, Manchester University Press • Eyck, Frank (1959), The Prince Consort: a political biography, Chatto • Gardiner, Juliet (1997), Queen Victoria, London: Collins and Brown, ISBN 978-1-85585-469-7 • Homans, Margaret; Munich, Adrienne, eds.

(1997), Remaking Queen Victoria, Cambridge University Press • Homans, Margaret (1997), Royal Representations: Queen Victoria and British Culture, 1837–1876 • Hough, Richard (1996), Victoria and Albert, St.

Martin's Press, ISBN 978-0-312-30385-3 • James, Robert Rhodes (1983), Albert, Prince Consort: A Biography, Hamish Hamilton, ISBN 9780394407630 • Kingsley Kent, Susan (2015), Queen Victoria: Gender and Empire • Lyden, Anne M. (2014), A Royal Passion: Queen Victoria and Photography, Los Angeles: Getty Publications, ISBN 978-1-60606-155-8 • Ridley, Jane (2015), Victoria: Queen, Matriarch, Empress, Penguin • Taylor, Miles (2020), "The Bicentenary of Queen Victoria", Journal of British Studies, 59: 121–135, doi: 10.1017/jbr.2019.245, S2CID 213433777 • Weintraub, Stanley (1987), Victoria: Biography of a Queen, London: HarperCollins, ISBN 978-0-04-923084-2 • Wilson, A.

N. (2014), Victoria: A Life, London: Atlantic Books, ISBN 978-1-84887-956-0 External links Queen Victoriaat Wikipedia's sister projects • Media from Commons • Quotations from Wikiquote • Texts from Wikisource • Data from Wikidata • Portraits of Queen Victoria at the National Portrait Gallery, London • Queen Victoria's Journals, online from the Royal Archive and Bodleian Library • Works by Queen Victoria at Project Gutenberg • Works by or about Queen Victoria at Internet Archive • Works by Queen Victoria at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) • Newspaper clippings about Queen Victoria in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW • Coronation • Honours • Hackpen White Horse • Wedding • Wedding dress • Golden Jubilee • Honours • Medal • Police Medal • Clock Tower, Weymouth • Clock Ratu victoria, Brighton • Bust • Adelaide Jubilee International Exhibition • Diamond Jubilee • Honours • Medal • Jubilee Diamond • Jubilee Tower • Cherries jubilee • Recessional (poem) • Cunningham Clock Tower • Devonshire House Ball Reign • Albert, Prince Consort (husband) • Victoria, Princess Royal (daughter) • Edward VII (son) • Princess Alice of the United Kingdom (daughter) • Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (son) • Princess Helena of the United Kingdom (daughter) • Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll (daughter) • Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn (son) • Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany (son) • Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom (daughter) • Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn (father) • Princess Ratu victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld ratu victoria • Descendants • Royal descendants • Princess Feodora of Leiningen (half-sister) • Carl, 3rd Prince of Leiningen (half-brother) Early life • List of statues • London • Memorial • Statue • Square • Leeds • St Helens • Lancaster • Bristol • Weymouth ratu victoria Chester • Reading • Liverpool • Birmingham • Birkenhead • Dundee • Balmoral cairns • Guernsey • Isle of Man • Valletta • Statue • Gate • Winnipeg • Montreal • Square • Victoria, British Columbia • Toronto • Regina • Bangalore • Hong Kong • Kolkata • Visakhapatnam • Penang • Sydney • Building • Square • Adelaide • Brisbane • Melbourne • Christchurch Poetry The generations indicate descent from George I, who formalised the use of the titles prince and princess for members of the British royal family.

Where a princess may have been or is descended from George I more than once, her most senior descent, by which she bore or bears her title, is used. 1st generation • Victoria, Princess Royal and German Empress • Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine • Princess Helena, Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein • Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll • Princess Beatrice, Princess Henry of Battenberg • Princess Frederica, Baroness von Pawel-Rammingen • Princess Marie of Hanover 7th generation • Louise, Princess Royal and Duchess of Fife • Princess Victoria • Maud, Queen of Norway • Marie, Queen of Romania • Grand Duchess Victoria Feodorovna of Russia • Princess Alexandra, Princess of Hohenlohe-Langenburg • Princess Beatrice, Duchess of Galliera • Margaret, Crown Princess of Sweden • Princess Patricia, Lady Patricia Ramsay • Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone • Princess Marie Louise, Princess Maximilian of Baden • Alexandra, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin • Princess Olga of Hanover 8th generation Hidden categories: • CS1: Julian–Gregorian uncertainty • Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB • Pages using cite ODNB with both doi and id parameters • Webarchive template wayback links • CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) • CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja) • CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt) • CS1 Russian-language sources (ru) • CS1 maint: uses authors parameter • CS1 French-language sources (fr) • CS1 Thai-language sources (th) • CS1 Serbian-language sources (sr) • CS1 German-language sources (de) • Articles with short description • Short description is different from Wikidata • Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages • Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages • Use Ratu victoria English from October 2012 • Use dmy dates from September 2020 • Articles with hAudio microformats • Spoken articles • Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch • Articles with Project Gutenberg links • Articles with Internet Archive links • Articles with LibriVox links • Articles with ISNI identifiers • Articles with VIAF identifiers • Articles with WORLDCATID identifiers • Articles with BNE identifiers • Articles with BNF identifiers • Articles with CANTICN identifiers • Articles with GND identifiers • Articles with ICCU identifiers • Articles with J9U identifiers • Articles with LCCN identifiers • Articles with LNB identifiers • Articles with NDL identifiers • Articles with NKC identifiers • Articles with NLA identifiers • Articles with NLG identifiers • Ratu victoria with NLK identifiers • Articles with NSK identifiers • Articles with NTA identifiers • Articles with PLWABN identifiers • Articles with SELIBR identifiers • Articles with VcBA identifiers • Articles with NGV identifiers • Articles with TePapa identifiers • Articles with RKDartists identifiers • Articles with Ratu victoria identifiers • Articles with DTBIO identifiers • Articles with CINII identifiers • Articles with FAST identifiers • Articles with MusicBrainz identifiers • Articles with NARA identifiers • Articles with RISM identifiers • Articles with SNAC-ID identifiers • Articles with SUDOC identifiers • Articles with Trove identifiers • AC with 34 elements • Articles with multiple identifiers • Featured articles • Articles containing video clips • Afrikaans • Alemannisch • አማርኛ • العربية • Aragonés • Asturianu • Azərbaycanca • تۆرکجه • বাংলা • Bân-lâm-gú • Башҡортса • Беларуская • Беларуская (тарашкевіца) • भोजपुरी • Bikol Central • Български • Bosanski • Brezhoneg • Ratu victoria • Чӑвашла • Čeština • Cymraeg • Dansk • Deutsch • डोटेली • Eesti • Ελληνικά • Español • Esperanto • Euskara • فارسی • Føroyskt • Français • Frysk • Gaeilge • Gàidhlig • Galego • 客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî • 한국어 • Հայերեն • हिन्दी • Hrvatski • Ido • Bahasa Indonesia • Interlingua • Íslenska • Italiano • עברית • Jawa • Kabɩyɛ • ಕನ್ನಡ • ქართული • Қазақша • Kernowek • Kiswahili • Kurdî • Кыргызча • Latina • Latviešu • Lëtzebuergesch • Lietuvių • Ligure • Lingua Franca Nova • Lombard • Magyar • मैथिली ratu victoria Македонски • Malagasy • മലയാളം • मराठी • მარგალური • مصرى • مازِرونی • Bahasa Melayu • Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ • Монгол • မြန်မာဘာသာ • Nederlands • नेपाली • 日本語 • Nordfriisk • Norsk bokmål • Norsk nynorsk • Nouormand • Occitan • Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча • ਪੰਜਾਬੀ • پنجابی • پښتو • Piemontèis • Plattdüütsch • Polski • Português • Română • Runa Simi • Русиньскый • Русский • Gagana Samoa • संस्कृतम् • Scots • Shqip • Sicilianu • සිංහල • Simple English • سنڌي • Slovenčina • Slovenščina • کوردی • Српски / srpski • Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски • Suomi • Svenska • Tagalog • தமிழ் • Taqbaylit • Татарча/tatarça • తెలుగు • ไทย • Türkçe ratu victoria Twi • Українська • اردو • Tiếng Việt • Võro • 文言 • Winaray • 吴语 • ייִדיש • 粵語 • Zeêuws • Ratu victoria • 中文 Edit links • This page was last edited on 3 May 2022, at 16:01 (UTC).

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Ratu Victoria dengan kesembilan anaknya, keenam menantunya, dan kedua puluh tiga cucunya, 1877 Gambaran Ikhtisar (Overview) Ratu Victoria dan Pangeran Albert memiliki 9 orang anak (4 orang laki-laki & 5 orang perempuan), 9 orang menantu (5 orang laki-laki & 4 orang perempuan), 42 orang cucu (20 orang laki-laki & 22 orang perempuan), dan 87 orang cicit.

Ratu Victoria ratu victoria cukup lama untuk melihat semua cucunya dan bahkan banyak dari ke-87 cicitnya lahir. Sedangkan Pangeran Albert hanya sempat melihat dua orang cucunya selama hidupnya. Anak pertama Ratu Victoria dan Pangeran Albert adalah Maharani Victoria dari Jerman yang lahir pada tahun 1840 saat mereka berdua berusia 21 tahun. Anak terakhir mereka adalah Putri Beatrice ratu victoria Britania Raya yang lahir pada tahun 1857 saat mereka berdua berusia 39 tahun.

Pangeran Albert mendahului istri dan anak-anaknya dengan meninggal pada tahun 1861 saat Ratu Victoria masih berusia 42 tahun dan baru mempunyai dua orang cucu. Ratu Victoria dudahului oleh tiga orang anaknya dan tiga orang menantunya melalui kematian: • Anak Ratu Victoria yang meninggal pertama kali adalah Putri Alice, Istri Adipati Agung Hesse yang meninggal pada tahun 1878 di usia 35 tahun saat Ratu Victoria berusia 59 tahun.

• Anak kedua Ratu Victoria yang meninggal sebelumnya adalah Pangeran Leopold, Adipati Albany yang meninggal pada tahun 1884 di usia 30 tahun saat Ratu Victoria berusia 65 tahun.

• Dan anak Ratu Victoria yang terakhir kali mendahuluinya adalah Pangeran Alfred, Adipati Saxe-Coburg dan Gotha yang meninggal pada tahun 1900 di usia 55 tahun saat Ratu Victoria sudah berusia 81 tahun. • Menantu pertama Ratu Victoria yang mendahuluinya adalah Kaisar Frederik III dari Jerman yang meninggal pada tahun 1888 di usia 56 tahun saat Ratu Victoria berusia 69 tahun. • Menantu keduanya yang mendahuluinya adalah Louis IV, Adipati Agung Hesse yang ratu victoria pada tahun 1892 di usia 54 tahun ratu victoria Ratu Victoria berusia 73 tahun.

• Menantu terakhir Ratu Victoria yang mendahuluinya adalah Pangeran Henry dari Battenberg yang meninggal pada tahun 1896 di usia 37 tahun saat Ratu Victoria berusia 77 tahun. Ratu victoria dan Cucu Ratu Victoria Nama Kelahiran Kematian Usia Pasangan Anak Maharani Victoria dari Jerman, Putri Royal "Vicky" 21 November 1840 5 Agustus 1901 60 tahun Kaisar Frederick III dari Jerman (1831 – 1888) Kaisar Wilhelm II dari Jerman "Willy" (1859 – 1941), Putri Charlotte, Istri Adipati Sachsen-Meiningen (1860 – 1919), Pangeran Henry dari Prusia (1862 – 1929), Pangeran Sigismund dari Prusia "Sigi" (1864 – 1866), Putri Viktoria, Putri Adolf dari Schaumburg-Lippe "Moretta" (1866 – 1929), Pangeran Waldemar dari Prusia (1868 – 1879), Ratu Sophie dari Yunani "Sossy" (1870 – 1932), Ratu Margarete dari Finlandia "Mossy" (1872 – 1954) Raja Edward VII dari Britania Raya "Bertie" 9 November 1841 6 Mei 1910 ratu victoria tahun Ratu Alexandra dari Britania Raya "Alix" (1844 – 1925) Pangeran Albert Victor, Adipati Clarence dan Avondale "Eddy" (1864 – 1892), Raja George V dari Britania Raya "Georgie" (1865 – 1936), Putri Louise, Putri Royal dan Istri Adipati Fife (1867 – 1931), Putri Victoria dari Wales "Toria" (1868 – 1935), Ratu Maud dari Norwegia "Harry" (1869 – 1938), Pangeran Alexander John dari Wales (1871 – 1871) Putri Alice, Istri Adipati Agung dari Hesse dan oleh Rhine 25 April 1843 14 Desember ratu victoria 35 tahun Louis IV, Adipati Agung dari Hesse dan oleh Rhine (1837 – 1892) Putri Victoria, Istri Bangsawan Milford Haven (1863 – 1950), Istri Adipati Agung Elisabeth Fyodorovna dari Rusia "Ella" (1864 – 1918), Putri Irene, Putri Henry dari Prusia (1866 – 1953), Ernest Louis, Adipati Agung dari Hesse dan oleh Rhine "Ernie" (1868 – 1937), Pangeran Friedrich dari Hesse dan oleh Rhine "Frittie" (1870 – 1873), Maharani Aleksandra Fyodorovna dari Seluruh Rusia "Alicky" atau "Sunny" (1872 – 1918), Putri Marie dari Hesse dan oleh Rhine "May" (1874 – 1878) Pangeran Alfred, Adipati Edinburgh dan Adipati Saxe-Coburg dan Gotha "Affie" 6 Agustus 1844 31 Juli 1900 55 tahun Adipati Wanita Agung Maria Aleksandrovna dari Rusia (1853 – 1920) Pangeran Alfred, Pangeran Turun-Temurun dari Saxe-Coburg dan Gotha "Affie Muda" (1874 – 1899), Ratu Marie dari Rumania "Missy" (1875 – 1938), Istri Adipati Agung Victoria Fyodorovna dari Rusia "Ducky" (1876 – 1936), Putri Alexandra, Putri dari Hohenlohe-Langenburg "Sandra" (1878 – 1942), NN (lahir mati 1879), Infanta Beatrice, Istri Adipati Galliera "Baby Bee" (1884 – 1966) Putri Helena, Putri Christian dari Schleswig-Holstein "Lenchen" 25 Mei 1846 9 Juni 1923 77 tahun Pangeran Christian dari Schleswig-Holstein (1831 – 1917) Pangeran Christian Victor dari Schleswig-Holstein "Christle" (1867 – 1900), Pangeran Albert, Adipati Schleswig-Holstein (1869 – 1931), Putri Helena Victoria dari Schleswig-Holstein "Thora" (1870 – 1948), Putri Marie Louise, Putri Aribert dari Anhalt "Louie" (1872 – 1956), Pangeran Harald dari Schleswig-Holstein (1876 – 1876), NN (lahir mati 1877) Putri Louise, Istri Adipati Argyll 18 Maret 1848 3 Desember 1939 91 tahun John Campbell, Adipati Argyll ke-9 (1845 – 1914) - Pangeran Arthur, Adipati Connaught dan Strathearn 1 Mei 1850 16 Januari 1942 91 tahun Putri Louise Margaret dari Prusia (1860 – 1917) Putri Mahkota Margaret dari Swedia "Daisy" (1882 – 1920), Pangeran Arthur dari Connaught, Gubernur Jenderal dari Kesatuan Afrika Selatan (1883 – 1938), Putri Patricia, Nyonya Patricia Ramsay "Patsy" (1886 – 1974) Pangeran Leopold, Adipati Albany 7 April 1853 28 Maret 1884 30 tahun Putri Helena dari Waldeck dan Pyrmont (1861 – 1922) Putri Alice, Putri dari Athlone (1883 – 1981), Pangeran Charles Edward, Adipati Albany dan Adipati Saxe-Coburg dan Gotha (1884 – 1954) Putri Beatrice, Putri Henry dari Battenberg "Baby" 14 April 1857 26 Oktober 1944 87 tahun Pangeran Henry dari Battenberg (1858 – 1896) Pangeran Alexander Mountbatten, Bangsawan Carisbrooke ke-1 "Drino" (1886 – 1960), Ratu Ena dari Spanyol "Ena" (1887 – 1969), Pangeran Leopold, Tuan Leopold Mountbatten (1889 – 1922), Pangeran Maurice dari Battenberg (1891 – 1914) Tidak bisa Victoria dari Britania Raya Lihat pula Bacaan lanjutan Pemerintahan Anak dan Keturunan Referensi Kematian Kehidupan Awal Pernikahan Gelar, Gaya Pemerintahan, Penghargaan dan Lencana Lenga Mantel Kebesaran Terkait Victoria Victoria dari Britania Raya Victoria Beckham Victoria Justice Victoria, Maharani Jerman Victoria Song Victoria, Putri Mahkota Swedia Victoria Ratu victoria Victoria, Australia Victoria Tahir Referensi WikiPedia: Victoria dari Britania Raya http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page118.aspQueen Victoria was queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 1837 to 1901 — the second-longest reign of any British monarch.

Who Was Queen Victoria? Queen Victoria served as monarch of Great Britain and Ireland ratu victoria 1837 until her death in 1901. She became Empress of India in 1877. After Queen Elizabeth II, Victoria is the second-longest reigning British monarch. Victoria's reign saw great cultural expansion; advances in industry, science and communications; and the building of railways and the London Underground.

Early Life Born Alexandrina Victoria on May 24, 1819, Queen Victoria’s father died when she was 8 months old. Her mother became a domineering influence in her life. As a child, she was said to be warm-hearted and lively. Educated at the Royal Palace by a governess, she had a gift for drawing and painting and developed a passion for journal writing.

Despite a feisty temperament, Victoria was famously tiny in stature, measuring just 4 feet 11 inches tall. Later in life, her weight ballooned, with her ratu victoria reportedly measuring 50 inches. Queen Victoria ratu victoria had a half-sister who was 12 years her senior, Princess Feodora, from her mother’s first marriage to Emich Carl, Prince of Leiningen. When Princess Feodora was 6 years old, her father died. Her mother remarried Queen Victoria’s father, the Duke of Kent, and promptly moved from Germany to England for the future queen’s birth.

Ascension to the Throne At birth, Victoria was fifth in line to the throne. However, upon her father’s death in 1820, Victoria became the heir apparent, since her three surviving uncles — who were ahead of her in succession — had no legitimate heirs who survived childhood. When King William IV died in June 1837, Victoria became queen at the age of 18.

Lord Melbourne, Queen Victoria’s First Prime Minister Lord Melbourne was Victoria’s first prime minister, who served in 1834 and again from 1835 to 1841. When she first took the crown at the young age of 18 in 1837, Melbourne helped teach Victoria the intricacies of being a constitutional monarch.

He ratu victoria as the queen’s political advisor and confidant during the early ratu victoria of her reign. In 1840, when Great Britain was fighting wars with Afghanistan and China and facing a working-class movement, Melbourne helped the queen work with an uncooperative Conservative government and suggested she let her husband, Albert, take the reigns of state responsibilities.

Reign Victoria ascended to the throne at age 18 on June 20, 1837, and she served until her death at the age of 81 on January 22, 1901. Under Victoria's reign, Great Britain experienced unprecedented expansion in industry, building railways, bridges, underground sewers and power distribution ratu victoria throughout much of the empire. Seven assassination attempts were made on Victoria's life between 1840 and 1882. There were advances in science ( Charles Darwin's theory of evolution) and technology (the telegraph and popular press), with vast numbers of inventions; tremendous wealth and poverty; growth of great cities like Manchester, Leeds and Birmingham; increased literacy; and great civic works, often funded by industrial philanthropists.

During Victoria’s reign, Britain expanded its imperial reach, doubling in size and encompassing Canada, Australia, India and various possessions in Africa and the South Pacific. The Queen was emblematic of the time: an enthusiastic supporter of the British Empire, which stretched across the globe and earned the adage: “The sun never sets on the British Empire.” At various points in her reign, Victoria exercised some influence over foreign affairs, expressing ratu victoria preference, but not pressing beyond the bounds of constitutional propriety.

During this time, the British Empire experienced only a few small wars, exerting its authority over foreign possessions. One of the major factors that helped Ratu victoria avoid European entanglements was the marriage of Victoria's children: either directly or by marriage, she was related to the royal houses of nearly every major European power. Though the English constitutional arrangement denied her powers in foreign affairs, she ruled her family with an iron hand that helped keep Great Britain away from the intrigues of European politics.

During Victoria’s reign, the political climate in British Parliament went through a major transition. The Tory Party split, forming the Liberal and Conservative parties, and started a succession of opposing administrations.

Victoria played a crucial role as a mediator between arriving and departing prime ministers. Though she detested Liberal Prime Minister William Gladstone, she found ways to work with him, even ratu victoria her mourning period. She was particularly fond of Conservative Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli, who linked the monarchy to the expansion of the empire, which helped restore public opinion following Victoria’s long seclusion after the death of her beloved husband Albert.

Queen Victoria in February 1892 Photo: Hulton Archive/Getty Images The Victorian Era Life in Britain during the 19th century was known as Victorian England because of Victoria’s long reign and the indelible stamp it and her persona placed on the country. Her strict ethics and personality have become synonymous with the era. Queen Victoria and Prince Albert In 1840, Victoria married her cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the son of her mother’s brother.

The couple met when Victoria was just 16; their uncle Leopold suggested they marry. Since Victoria was queen, Albert couldn’t propose to her.

So she proposed to him on October 15, 1839. At first, the British public didn’t warm up to the German prince and he was excluded from holding any official political position. At times, their marriage was tempestuous, a clash of wills between two extremely strong personalities. However, the couple was intensely devoted to each other. Prince Albert became Victoria’s strongest ally, helping her navigate difficult political waters.

After several years of suffering from stomach ailments, Victoria's beloved Albert died of typhoid fever in 1861 ratu victoria the age of 42. Victoria was devastated, sleeping with a plaster cast of his hand by her side, and went into a 25-year seclusion. For the rest of her reign, she wore black. Queen Victoria's Children Victoria ratu victoria Albert had nine children together: • Princess Victoria Adelaide Mary Louise (1840-1901), who married the future emperor of Germany Friedrich Wilhelm of Prussia in 1858.

On his death three months after taking the throne, their eldest son became Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany. • Prince Albert Edward Wettin (1841-1910), who succeeded his mother to the crown as King Edward VII in 1901. • Princess Alice Maude Mary (1843-1878), whose daughter Alix married Nicholas II, the last Russian tzar. • Prince Alfred Ernest Albert (1844-1900), who married the daughter of Tzar Alexander II of Russia.

His oldest daughter, Marie, wed the crown Prince of Romania. • Princess Helena Augusta Victoria (1846-1923) • Princess Louise Caroline Alberta (1848-1939) created quite a scandal when she married a commoner, John Douglas Sutherland Campbell (later the Duke of Argyll). • Prince Arthur William Patrick (1850-1942), who married Princess Louise Margarete of Prussia. • Prince Leopold George Duncan (1853-1884) • Princess Beatrice Mary Victoria (1857-1944) Relationship with John Brown John Brown was Victoria’s Ratu victoria servant and one of her closest friends, with some suggestions that the two may have been lovers.

Seven years her junior and many ranks below her, the queen said Brown was her dearest friend — an unthinkable relationship at the time. He became known as “the queen’s stallion” in the royal household and pledged his lifelong loyalty to her.

There were rumors that Brown and Victoria were lovers, especially after the death of Albert. Historians have since parsed through her journals — which were edited by her daughter Beatrice — and never found evidence of an affair.

But one thing is clear: She loved him. When Brown died suddenly in March 1883, Victoria told his sister-in-law that he was the “best, the truest heart that ever beat.” Relationship with Abdul Karim Following Brown’s death in 1883, Victoria’s servant Abdul Karim ascended into the queen’s inner ratu victoria and became her closest confidant.

Karim was the son of a hospital assistant in Northern India and was brought to England to serve at the Queen’s Golden Jubilee in 1887. He quickly impressed the queen with his cooking, and she asked him to teach her Urdu. Victoria lavished Karim with gifts including a private carriage, titles and honors. She also commissioned several portraits.

In letters to Karim, the queen referred to herself as “your loving mother” and “your closest friend.” However, historians do not believe that the two had a physical relationship. Abdul’s great-grandson Javed Mahmood told The Telegraph in 2010 that they shared “a mother and son relationship. She became an Indophile in part because of her affection for him. But the prejudice of her family percolated down to Victoria’s staff.” Victoria and Karim’s close relationship was scandalous to the royal family.

Upon the queen’s death in 1901, they had all of the pair’s letters burned, and Victoria’s daughter Beatrice removed all references of Karim from the queen’s journals.

Although the family followed through with the ratu victoria wish for Karim to be among a small group of mourners at her funeral, they later evicted Karim from the home Victoria gave to him and sent him back to India. Karim’s relationship with Victoria was uncovered decades later by journalist Shrabani Basu, who visited the queen’s summer home in 2003 and noticed several paintings and a bust of Karim.

Basu investigated their relationship and wrote a book, Victoria & Abdul: The True Story of the Queen’s Closest Confidant. Death and Successor Victoria died after a lengthy period of poor health on January 22, 1901, at the age of 81.

Her son, the future King Edward VII, and her eldest grandson, Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany, were both at her bedside.
Mungkin sebagian besar dari kita tak mengenal siapa raja di negara-negara lain yang masih memiliki monarki, namun kita semua pasti tahu bahwa pemimpin tertinggi di kerajaan Inggris adalah Ratu Elizabeth II.

Anggota kerajaan Inggris selalu menarik perhatian dunia selama berabad-abad. Tak hanya kiprah mereka dalam menjalankan negara, kehidupan pribadi, dan berbagai skandal yang terjadi di lingkaran para bangsawan ini selalu menjadi topik menarik.

Sekali lagi mata dunia tertuju pada keluarga kerajaan Inggris berkat kepopuleran serial The Crown yang telah memasuki musim ke-4. Buat kita yang sudah selesai menonton The Crown Season 4 dan masih kekurangan materi hiburan bertema monarki Inggris, berikut rekomendasi film tentang kerajaan Inggris yang patut ditonton. Henry V (1989) Henry V merupakan film bersejarah yang mendramatisir perjuangan Henry V dalam menaklukan Prancis.

Naskah film ini diadaptasi dari pertunjukan teater yang ditulis oleh Shakespeare dengan judul serupa. Film ini merupakan salah satu koleksi klasik dengan produksi yang maksimal dari awal hingga akhir. Mulai dari latar, kostum, hingga casting yang tepat untuk setiap karakter penting dalam kisahnya. Kenneth Branagh berhasil menyajikan film kolosal kerajaan yang epic dan artistik pada masanya.

Elizabeth (1998) Berikutnya adalah film biografi dari sosok Ratu Elizabeth I yang disutradarai oleh Shekhar Kapur. Film ini merupakan yang pertama dari Elizabeth Trilogy, dibintangi oleh Cate Blanchett sebagai Ratu Elizabeth. Melalui film ini, kita akan menyaksikan hari-hari baru setelah Elizabeth baru saja naik tahta. Ada banyak permasalah yang harus dihadapi, mulai dari masalah politik dan administrasi negara, hingga masalah pribadi ketika dirinya menolak untuk berbagi tahta dengan menikah, dimana sangat esensial untuk seorang pemimpin monarki untuk memiliki penerus tahta.

The Queen (2006) The Queen merupakan film yang disutradarai oleh Stephen Frears, ditulis oleh Peter Morgan yang juga menulis serial The Crown. Dibintangi oleh Helen Mirren, film drama sejarah satu ini lebih fokus pada momen ketika Ratu Elizabeth II harus menghadapi publik saat kematian tragis Putri Diana.

Kita akan mendapat pencerahan tentang apa yang terjadi dibalik keheningan dan asumsi buruk tentang Ratu, bungkam selama beberapa hari setelah wanita yang paling dicintai di seluruh penjuru Inggris tersebut meninggal. The Duchess (2008) The Duchess merupakan film sejarah dramatis yang dibintangi oleh Keira Knightley, disutradarai oleh Saul Dibb.

Film ratu victoria diadaptasi dari buku biografi Georgiana: Duchess of Devonshire, karya Amanda Foreman pada tahun 1998.

Bercerita tentang Georgiana Spencer yang menikah dengan Duke of Devonshire pada abad ke-18. Ratu victoria harus menerima kenyataan setelahnya bahwa suaminya tidak pernah mencintainya dan hanya menginginkan anak laki-laki sebagai penerus tahta. The Young Victoria (2009) Selain Elizabeth I dan Elizabeth II, Ratu Victoria merupakan salah satu sosok pemimpin monarki Inggris yang cukup terkenal.

Melalui The Young Victoria, kita akan melihat masa kecil dan remaja Ratu Victoria yang dipersiapkan untuk meneruskan tahta kerajaan Inggris, serta hubungan percintaan yang Ia jalani dengan Pangeran Albert. Emily Blunt menjadi aktris utama yang memerankan Putri Victoria dalam film ini.

The King’s Speech (2010) Kualitas dari film The King’s Speech sudah tidak perlu diragukan dengan prestasinya sebagai pemenang Academy Award for Best Picture dari Oscar 2011. Dibintangi oleh Ratu victoria Firth sebagai King George VI, yang harus naik tahta pada masa Perang Dunia II.

Ketika Ia dibutuhkan sebagai sosok raja penuh karisma untuk memimpin negara di tengah perang, King George ternyata memiliki masalah teknis dan mental ketika membawakan pidato di depan publik. Ia pun menjalani terapi khusus mempersiapkan pidato dengan seorang terapis bernama Lionel Lough. Victoria & Abdul (2017) Seperti halnya The King’s Speech yang memiliki sentuhan komedi, Victoria & Abdul juga merupakan film adaptasi sejarah dengan konten berdasarkan kisah nyata.

Bercerita tentang hubungan unik antara Ratu Victoria dengan seorang budak dari Ratu victoria bernama Abdul. Dengan karisma dan kepribadiannya yang menyenangkan, Abdul menarik perhatian Ratu Victoria yang sudah semakin tua dan merasa bosan dengan rutinitas sebagai pemimpin negara. Keduanya pun menjalin persahabatan yang tulus lepas dari latar belakang masing-masing yang sangat bertolak belakang.

The Favourite (2018) The Favourite merupakan film karya Yorgos Lanthimos, terkenal sebagai salah satu sutradara dengan gaya eksentrik yang khas dalam setiap karyanya.

Meski sebagian besar dari naskah merupakan hasil interpretasi dan imajinasi sang penulis, latar belakang waktu dan karakter-karakter dari kisah The Favourite berdasarkan figur bersejarah sungguhan.

Melibatkan Ratu Anne, Sarah Churchill yang merupakan nenek moyang dari Winston Churchill, dan sepupu Sarah, Ratu victoria Masham.

Kedua saudara tersebut bersaing untuk menjadi penasehat kesayang sang ratu. Mary Queen of Ratu victoria (2018) Dibintangi oleh Saoirse Ronan dan Margot Robbie, film ini bercerita tentang Mary Stuart yang kembali ke Skotlandia untuk mengklaim tahtanya.

Bukan usaha yang mudah, Ia harus merebut tahta tersebut dari sepupunya, Elizabeth I, Ratu Inggris. Kita akan melihat pertikaian antara dua sosok wanita keras kepala sebagai pemimpin sebuah monarki.

Dimana pada drama tentang kekuasaan di masa medieval masih identik dengan sosok pria yang lebih dominan dan berkarisma. The King (2019) Selain Henry V, The King juga merupakan drama berdasarkan sejarah namun diangkat dari versi dramatisir yang ditulis oleh Shakespeare. Ratu victoria versi David Michod ini memiliki produksi yang semakin dimaksimalkan dengan teknologi perfilman modern. Dibawakan dengan gaya drama bersejarah yang lebih dingin dan suram.

Dibintangi oleh Timothee Chalamet sebagai Henry V dan Robert Ratu victoria sebagai The Dauphin. Keduanya berhasil menampilkan kualitas akting yang memberikan statement pada Netflix Original Movie ini. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website.

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Nama Ratu Victoria dari Inggris mungkin terdengar asing bagi kita semua, kalau pun membahas tentang sosok Ratu Inggris, orang-orang akan langsung menyebut nama Ratu Elizabeth II. Sebenarnya wajar jika banyak orang tidak mengenal Ratu Victoria, karena bagaimana pun sang ratu hidup dan memerintah sekitar dua abad yang lalu.

Lahir di Kensington Palace pada 24 Mei 1819, Ratu Victoria merupakan penguasa terlama kedua setelah Ratu Elizabeth II. Memerintah selama 63 tahun, ada banyak hal yang terjadi kepada Ratu Victoria. Dilansir History Hit, ini dia delapan fakta menarik seputar Ratu Victoria! Nama kecil ratu adalah Driana dan bukan Victoria. (hrp.org.uk) Lahir di Istana Kennsington, sang ratu terlahir dengan nama Alexandrina Victoria. Dilansir Discover Walk, nama ini sendiri terinspirasi dari nama ayah baptisnya yang juga merupakan kaisar Rusia, Tsar Alexander I.

Ketika masih kecil, seluruh anggota keluarga kerajaan memanggilnya dengan nama Drina. Sayangnya ratu tidak menyukai nama itu, dan ratu victoria memilih Victoria sebagai nama panggilannya, termasuk saat dia naik tahta sebagai ratu Inggris.

Dia dikenal dengan nama Ratu Victoria, dan bukan Ratu Alexandrina. Ratu Victoria berada di urutan kelima tahta Kerajaan Inggris tahun 1820. (discoverwalks.com) Saat Ratu Victoria lahir, dia menempati posisi kelima sebagai pewaris tahta Kerajaan Inggris. Mengingat posisinya, rasanya mustahil bagi sang putri untuk menjadi ratu. Dilansir History Hit, keadaan ternyata berkata lain, setelah kematian Raja George III pada tahun 1820, kekuasaan diberikan kepada putra pertamanya, George IV.

Sayang, Raja George IV meninggal sepuluh tahun kemudian tanpa memiliki penerus, sehingga tahta ratu victoria Raja Inggris diberikan kepada adiknya yang bernama William IV. Kondisi tersebut kemudian terulang kembali pada Raja William IV yang meninggal tahun 1837. Selepas kepergian William IV, tahta seharusnya jatuh ke tangan ayah Putri Victoria yang bernama Edward.

Namun karena Pangeran Edward juga sudah meninggal tahun 1820, tahta akhirnya diberikan kepada Victoria. Putri Victoria kemudian dilantik menjadi Ratu Kerajaan Inggris pada 20 Juni 1837, di saat usianya masih 18 tahun. Ratu Victoria dan pelayan kepercayaannya Abdul Karim. (thelondoneconomic.com) Lahir dan besar di keluarga Kerajaan Inggris sudah pasti membuat Ratu Victoria fasih berbahasa Inggris, dan karena ibunya adalah orang Jerman, maka sang ratu juga menguasai bahasa Jerman sejak masih kecil.

Sama seperti ratu victoria bangsawan lain, Ratu Victoria juga belajar di rumah, di mana dia mempelajari bahasa Latin, Prancis, juga Italia. Di masa tuanya, ratu memiliki pelayan kepercayaan yang berasal dari India bernama Abdul Karim. Tidak ingin menyia-nyiakan kesempatan itu, Ratu Victoria kemudian mempelajari bahasa Urdu dan Hindi agar dia bisa melakukan percakapan rahasia dengan pengawalnya.

Ratu Victoria dan Pangeran Albert menikah pada 10 Februari 1840. (greelane.com) Ratu Victoria dan Pangeran Albert pertama kali bertemu dalam pesta ulang tahun Ratu Victoria yang ke-17. Pangeran Albert yang kebetulan sedang mengunjungi Istana Kensington bersama pamannya, ikut menghadiri pesta tersebut.

Siapa sangka, Pangeran Albert yang tampan berhasil membuat sang ratu jatuh cinta pada pandangan pertama. Dilansir Mental Floss, keduanya kemudian menjalin hubungan persahabatan selama empat tahun. Uniknya, alih-alih dilamar, Ratu Victoria justru menjadi pihak yang mengajukan lamaran kepada Pangeran Albert.

Menurut tradisi Kerajaan Inggris, seorang ratu tidak boleh dilamar oleh siapa pun. Lanjutkan membaca artikel di bawah Editor’s picks • 5 Fenomena Langit April 2022, Sering Melibatkan Planet! • 10 Cara Alami Bangun Sahur di Bulan Ramadan, Tanpa Alarm • 8 Fakta Sejarah Tradisi Membangunkan Sahur di Indonesia Nah karena Ratu Victoria tidak boleh dilamar, maka dia-lah yang harus mengajukan lamaran.

Ratu Victoria melamar Pangeran Albert pada 15 Oktober 1839. Keduanya kemudian menikah di Kapel Kerajaan St. James, London pada 10 Februari 1940.

Baca Juga: 5 Pekerjaan Unik dan Terburuk di Era Kepemimpinan Ratu Victoria Ratu Victoria di hari pernikahannya tahun 1840. (royal.uk) Di abad ke-18, warna putih dianggap sebagai warna yang membosankan. Alih-alih menggunakan warna putih, kebanyakan pengantin justru lebih memilih gaun pernikahan berwarna cerah. Namun Ratu Victoria tidak seperti perempuan kebanyakan. Di hari bahagianya, dia justru memilih mendobrak tradisi dengan menggunakan gaun pengantin model off shoulder berwarna putih.

Tidak hanya gaun putih, sang ratu juga melengkapi penampilannya dengan sepatu putih, kalung dan anting berlian Turki, ratu victoria safir, dan karangan bunga jeruk sebagai pelengkapnya.

Ratu Victoria menggunakan gaun hitam setelah kepergian Pangeran Albert. (hellomagazine.com) Tidak kalah dari Ratu Elizabeth II, Ratu Victoria juga memiliki kisah cinta yang indah dengan suaminya, Pangeran Albert. Menikah pada 10 Februari 1940, keduanya menjalani kehidupan yang bahagia sebagai pasangan. Sedihnya setelah 21 tahun pernikahan, Ratu Victoria harus menerima kenyataan pahit. Dilansir Readers Digest, Pangeran Albert yang sangat dicintainya itu mengembuskan napas terakhirnya pada 14 Desember 1861 setelah terkena penyakit tifus.

Berduka atas kepergian suaminya, Ratu Victoria memilih mundur dari tugas kerajaan selama 9 tahun dan baru kembali bekerja pada 1870. Tidak hanya itu, sang ratu juga memilih mengenakan gaun berwarna hitam selama 40 tahun untuk mengekspresikan perasaan dukanya atas kepergian Pangeran Albert. Semua anaknya menikah dengan bangsawan dari Kerajaan Eropa. (english-heritage.org.uk) Selama pernikahannya dengan Pangeran Albert, keduanya dikaruniai 9 anak.

Anak-anak ini kemudian menikah dengan beberapa bangsawan dari Kerajaan Eropa. Pernikahan ini dilakukan bukan hanya untuk mempertahankan darah bangsawan, namun juga untuk memperkuat hubungan antara Kerajaan Inggris dengan kerajaan lain di Benua Eropa.

Pernikahan anak-anaknya memberikan Ratu Victoria 42 orang cucu di seluruh Kerajaan Eropa, mulai dari seperti Kekaisaran Rusia, Jerman, Spanyol, Norwegia, Yunani, Swedia, hingga Romania. Saking banyaknya keturunan Victoria, sang ratu sampai mendapatkan julukan "Grandmother of Europe".

Ratu Voctoria mengalami banyak upaya pembunuhan selama masa pemerintahannya. (laphamsquarterly.org) Ratu Victoria mungkin merupakan ratu paling beruntung sepanjang sejarah Kerajaan Inggris. Pasalnya selama kariernya sebagai pemimpin, ratu mengalami delapan upaya pembunuhan. Upaya pembunuhan pertama terjadi tahun 1841, ketika ratu dan suaminya melakukan perjalanan malam dengan menggunakan kereta kuda. Pelaku yang bernama Edward Oxford menembak kereta kuda yang ditumpangi pasangan tersebut.

Untungnya, tembakan tersebut meleset karena kereta kuda bergerak cepat. Di tahun-tahun selanjutnya, Ratu Victoria menghadapi beberapa upaya pembunuhan lagi. Namun sama seperti upaya pertama, dia selalu berhasil lolos dalam upaya pembunuhan lainnya. Memerintah selama 63 tahun, Ratu Victoria ternyata tidak kalah hebat dari Ratu Elizabeth II. Alih-alih dikenal sebagai ratu jahat ratu victoria Mary I, Ratu Voctoria justru dikenal sebagai ratu bijaksana dan mencintai perdamaian.

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Ratu Victoria dan consortnya Pangeran Albert memiliki sembilan anak - empat laki-laki dan lima perempuan yang lahir antara tahun 1840 dan 1857.

Embed from Getty Images Ketika Ratu Victoria menikahi Pangeran Albert dari Saxe-Coburg Gotha pada 10 Februari 1840, ia menginginkan setidaknya satu tahun "happy enjoyment" sebelum memulai sebuah keluarga.

Ratu Victoria benci dan takut memikirkan melahirkan anak, namun dalam beberapa minggu setelah pernikahannya dia hamil. Pada 21 November tahun itu anak pertamanya lahir. Ketika dokter memberi tahu Victoria bahwa dia melahirkan seorang putri, Victoria menjawab dengan tegas bahwa "yang berikutnya akan menjadi seorang pangeran".

Ratu tidak berniat untuk memenuhi janjinya tentang seorang pangeran begitu cepat, dan sangat marah saat menemukan bahwa ia kembali hamil segera setelah putri pertamanya dibaptis.

Dalam waktu kurang dari satu tahun, pada 9 November 1841, Albert Edward, Prince of Wales dilahirkan Ratu sekarang memiliki ahli waris laki-laki yang sehat. “Bocah kecil kami adalah anak yang sangat kuat dan besar,” tulisnya dengan bangga.

"Aku berharap dan berdoa dia mungkin seperti Papa tersayangnya." Kali ini, Victoria menderita depresi pascakelahiran yang parah, dan berbulan-bulan berlalu sebelum dia mengandung anak berikutnya. Alice Maud Mary lahir pada 25 April 1843, Alfred Ernest Albert pada 6 Agustus 1844.

Helena Augusta Victoria pada 25 Mei 1846, dan Louise Caroline Alberta pada 18 Maret 1848, Arthur William Patrick Albert, lahir pada 1 Mei 1850, dan Leopold George Duncan Albert, pada 7 April 1853. Beatrice Mary Victoria Feodore, lahir pada 14 April 1857.

Ratu Victoria juga tidak menyusui anak-anaknya. Ratu Victoria mempekerjakan ibu susu untuk semua anak-anaknya, karena Victoria membaktikan dirinya untuk Albert. Victoria memiliki sembilan bayi di 17 tahun pernikahan - prestasi fisik yang luar biasa, dan berbahaya mengingat tingginya angka kematian ibu pada saat itu.

Terlepas dari perbedaan kepribadian dan kecemburuan saudara sesekali, anak-anak Ratu Victoria dan Pangeran Albert tetap dekat. Mereka selalu saling mendukung - bahkan setelah menikah dengan para pangeran dan putri Eropa yang terkadang menyebabkan loyalitas nasional yang berbeda. Berikut profil singkat anak-anak Ratu Victoria ; Victoria Adelaide Mary Louise, Princess Royal Embed from Getty Images Lahir: 21 November 1840 Meninggal: 5 Agustus 1901 (berusia 60) Anak sulung Ratu Victoria dan Pangeran Albert, Victoria, atau 'Vicky', adalah anak yang dewasa sebelum waktunya dengan hasrat ratu victoria belajar dan selera humor yang nakal - meskipun Vicky juga bisa menjadi emosional dan sangat tegang.

Vicky mewarisi pikiran analitis ayahnya dan menyukai membaca. Meskipun Ratu Victoria sangat menyayanginya, dengan kejujuran yang khas, Ratu Victoria mengakui bahwa anak sulungnya kadang-kadang adalah anak yang sulit: "Anak dan perempuan yang lebih tidak patuh dan pemarah." Ratu pernah menulis saat Vicky berusia 17 tahun.

Pada 1858 Victoria muda menikahi Pangeran Frederick William dari Prusia, yang kemudian menjadi Kaisar Jerman Frederick III. Pernikahan itu membawanya ke dalam konflik dengan dua saudara kandungnya - Pangeran Wales dan Alice - yang menikah dengan keluarga kerajaan dan bangsawan Denmark dan Hesse masing-masing menempatkan mereka pada sisi yang kalah selama perang penaklukan menteri-presiden Prusia ratu victoria kemudian menjadi Kanselir Jerman Otto von Bismarck.

Meskipun ikatan antara saudara dan saudari selalu tetap kuat, pembagian loyalitas nasional menghasilkan beberapa momen menyakitkan selama kunjungan keluarga ketika ketiganya tinggal di Windsor pada saat yang sama, sampai-sampai Ratu Victoria kadang-kadang harus melarang pembicaraan tentang pertengkaran.

Embed from Getty Images Sekitar 30 tahun setelah menikahi Vicky, Frederick akan naik takhta ketika sekarat karena kanker tenggorokan, dan tidak lagi dapat berbicara. Frederick meninggal setelah masa pemerintahan hanya tiga bulan, membawa serta harapannya akan Jerman liberal bersatu yang akan menjadi sekutu setia Inggris.

Frederick digantikan oleh William II, bete noire Eropa yang tidak stabil, yang mengaku mengagumi Inggris sementara diam-diam menganggapnya sebagai saingan supremasi Jerman di Eropa. Nantinya akan menjadi nasib cucu Ratu Victoria, Raja George V, untuk menyaksikan Inggris dan Jerman menyatakan perang satu sama lain pada tahun 1914. Ketika Ratu Victoria meninggal di Osborne House pada Januari 1901, Ratu Victoria dikelilingi oleh sebagian besar anak-anaknya yang masih hidup dan beberapa cucu.

Namun, Vicky - sekarang sang Janda Permaisuri Frederick - tidak berada di ranjang ibunya. Vicky menderita kanker tulang belakang dan terlalu sakit untuk kembali ke Inggris dari Jerman, Vicky meninggal tujuh bulan setelah ibunya, pada tanggal 5 Agustus 1901.

Albert Edward, Prince of Wales Embed from Getty Images Lahir: 9 November 1841 Meninggal: 6 Mei 1910 (berusia 68) Victoria dan Ratu victoria menamai anak kedua mereka Albert Edward, ia dikenal dengan nama 'Bertie' dan menjadi Edward VII setelah ia naik takhta. Sebagai seorang anak, Edward adalah seorang pangeran yang ramah yang tidak menanggapi dengan baik pelajaran - oranngtuanya banyak kecewa, mereka ingin Edward menjadi seperti ayahnya yang rajin belajar, membaca dengan baik.

Dalam kepribadiannya, Edward lebih menyerupai ibunya, dan Ratu Victoria meratap bahwa Edward adalah "karikatur" dirinya.

Sebagai pewaris takhta, Edward tidak diizinkan untuk mengejar karir aktif di ketentaraan. Pada bulan September 1861, Edward dikirim ke Jerman, konon untuk menyaksikan manuver militer, tetapi sebenarnya untuk merekayasa pertemuan antara Edward dan Putri Alexandra dari Denmark, putri tertua Pangeran Christian dari Denmark dan istrinya Louise. Ratu Victoria dan Pangeran Albert telah memutuskan bahwa Edward dan Alexandra harus menikah. Mereka bertemu di Speyer pada 24 September di bawah naungan kakak perempuannya, Vicky, yang menikah dengan Putra Mahkota Prusia pada tahun 1858.

Vicky, yang bertindak atas instruksi dari ibu mereka, telah bertemu Putri Alexandra di Strelitz pada bulan Juni; sang putri muda Denmark membuat kesan yang sangat baik. Edward dan Alexandra ramah sejak awal; pertemuan berjalan dengan baik untuk kedua belah pihak, dan rencana pernikahan maju. Mulai saat ini, Edward memperoleh reputasi sebagai playboy. Bertekad untuk mendapatkan pengalaman tentara, Edward menghadiri manuver di Irlandia, di mana Edward menghabiskan tiga malam dengan seorang aktris, Nellie Clifden, yang disembunyikan di kamp oleh rekan-rekan perwiranya.

Kencan singkat Edward dan Nellie sampai ke telinga orang tuanya. Pangeran Albert, meskipun sakit, terkejut dan mengunjungi Edward di Cambridge untuk menegur Edward. Ayah Edward, Pangeran Albert meninggal pada Desember 1861 hanya dua minggu setelah kunjungannya ke Cambridge. Pada awalnya Victoria dengan histeris menyalahkan putra mereka karena telah menghancurkan hati ayahnya, ratu victoria hubungan antara Ratu Victoria dan Edward mejnadi jauh untuk sementara waktu.

Ratu Victoria mengenakan pakaian berkabung selama sisa hidupnya dan menyalahkan Edward atas kematian Pangeran Albert. Ratu menganggap putranya dengan jijik sebagai orang yang ceroboh, tidak bijaksana, dan tidak bertanggung jawab. Dia menulis kepada putri sulungnya, "Aku tidak akan pernah bisa, atau akan, memandangnya tanpa gemetar." Embed from Getty Images Terkenal karena nafsu makannya yang besar, Raja Edward berada dalam kesehatan yang semakin buruk selama tahun-tahun berikutnya - ia menderita khususnya dari kondisi chronic bronchial - dan meninggal karena ratu victoria jantung pada Mei 1910, pada usia 68 tahun.

Princess Alice Maud Mary, Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine Embed from Getty Images Lahir: 25 April 1843 Meninggal: 14 Desember 1878 (berusia 35) Sejak usia dini, Alice adalah individu yang sangat peduli, selalu ingin membantu orang lain yang kurang beruntung. Ketika ratu victoria itu tinggal di Balmoral, rumah pribadi mereka di Dataran Tinggi Skotlandia, Alice kadang-kadang akan mengunjungi pondok-pondok setempat, membawakan mereka makanan dan pakaian.

Belakangan, ketika ayahnya, Pangeran Albert, sedang sekarat, dia menghabiskan banyak waktunya merawatnya dan berusaha membuat hari-hari terakhir ayahnya nyaman.

Setelah kematian Pangeran Albert, dia memberikan dukungan moral yang tak kenal lelah kepada ibunya yang menderita kesedihan. Alice menikahi Prince Louis of Hesse and Rhine pada tahun 1862, dan pada tahun 1866 dan 1870 keterampilan keperawatan Alice dimanfaatkan dengan baik selama perang Jerman melawan Austria dan Prancis.

Alice berteman dengan teolog David Friedrich Strauss. Pandangan David yang tidak ortodoks tentang agama Kristen membuatnya menjadi sosok yang kontroversial, dan pertemanan Alice dan David menyebabkan Alice dianggap atheis oleh beberapa orang.

Kombinasi dari pekerjaan yang terlalu banyak dan depresi yang mendalam setelah kematian putranya yang kecil, Frederick - yang penderita hemofilia dan meninggal karena pendarahan otak pada usia dua tahun - membuat Alice menjadi sangat letih dan dalam kondisi kesehatan yang buruk.

Pada tahun 1878, pada usia 35, ia menyerah pada difteri - di hari peringatan kematian ayahnya. Alice adalah anak pertama dari Victoria dan Albert yang meninggal.

Alfred Ernest Albert, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Embed from Getty Images Lahir: 6 Agustus 1844 Meninggal: 30 Juli 1900 (berusia 55) Alfred - atau 'Affie' - adalah anak yang ceria dan rajin; seorang pembelajar yang tajam yang sangat menyukai geografi dan sains, bereksperimen dengan mainan ratu victoria kemudian membangun miliknya. Dalam surat-surat untuk keluarga dekat dan orang kepercayaan, Pangeran Albert sesekali berkomentar dengan menyesal bahwa putra kedua ini tidak akan pernah mewarisi mahkota, kecuali jika sesuatu terjadi ratu victoria kakak laki-lakinya.

Alfred diangkat menjadi Duke of Edinburgh pada tahun 1866. Setelah bergabung dengan angkatan laut pada usia 14 tahun 1858, Alfred terus naik pangkat dan menjadi laksamana armada. Pada tahun 1862, setelah orang-orang Yunani menggulingkan raja mereka yang tidak populer dan tidak memiliki anak, Ratu victoria sangat terpilih dalam plebisit untuk menggantikan Raja Yunani, tetapi pertimbangan politik mengesampingkan kemungkinan seorang pangeran Inggris menerima posisi seperti itu.

Alfred menggunakan selera Bertie untuk kehidupan bermasyarakat: pada tahun 1867, sebagian untuk menjauhkannya dari kerusakan, Alfred dikirim dalam perjalanan keliling dunia yang luas di mana ia mengunjungi beberapa negara sebagai perwakilan ratu. Di sebuah acara resmi di Sydney, Australia, ia nyaris menjadi korban plot pembunuhan. Henry James O'Farrell (seorang Irlandia yang ingin membalas dendam setelah eksekusi tiga anggota Irish Republican Brotherhood atas peran mereka dalam ledakan teroris di London) menembak dan melukai Alfred.

Meskipun Alfred pulih dengan cepat, ia tetap membatasi perjalanan dunianya dan dikirim kembali ke Inggris untuk pulih. Alfred melanjutkan perjalanannya pada tahun 1868, mengunjungi Australia lagi; Fiji; Jepang; India dan Amerika Selatan, kembali ke Inggris hampir tiga tahun kemudian.

Alfred memainkan biola sepanjang hidupnya (setelah belajar sendiri saat anak-anak). Alfred adalah anggota pertama keluarga kerajaan yang berminat pada perangko, ia meletakkan dasar untuk Royal Philatelic Collection.

Alfred dipilih sebagai pewaris ratu victoria yang tidak memiliki anak, Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Coburg dan Gotha, Alfred meneruskan the duchy saat kematian pamannya pada tahun 1893.

Pernikahan Alfred dengan Grand Duchess Marie of Rusia (yang dinikahinya pada 1874) terbukti tidak bahagia, dan dalam kehidupannya kemudian ia menderita alkoholisme. Dia meninggal karena kanker pada bulan Juli 1900, enam bulan ratu victoria kematian ibunya. Ratu victoria Helena Augusta Victoria Embed from Getty Images Lahir: 25 Mei 1846 Meninggal: 9 Juni 1923 (berusia 77) Helena, digambarkan sebagai anak perempuan Victoria dan Albert yang paling sederhana, anak berkepala dingin, relatif tidak emosional; seorang tomboi yang lebih menyukai kehidupan di ratu victoria rumah, berjalan-jalan dan berkendara, dan sedikit peduli pada penampilan pribadinya.

Pada tahun 1866 ia menikahi Prince Christian of Jerman yang miskin dari Schleswig-Holstein, yang puas ketika dibuatkan rumah untuk mereka di Inggris di bawah pengawasan Ratu Victoria.

Akibatnya, Helena terhindar dari kesedihan, tidak seperti saudara perempuannya Alice yang tinggal di negara Jerman kecil yang kalah. Helena bekerja secara luas dengan sejumlah badan amal - termasuk Komite Wanita Palang Merah Inggris yang baru didirikan; Asosiasi Perawat Kerajaan Inggris; dan Royal School of Needlework - dan membantu menyediakan makan malam gratis untuk anak-anak dan pengangguran di daerah Windsor.

Helena juga membantu menulis biografi Pangeran Albert, menerjemahkan surat dari Jerman ke Inggris untuk penulis Ratu victoria Gray, dan menerbitkan terjemahan bahasa Inggris The Memoirs of Wilhelmine, Margravine of Bayreuth, seorang kerabat jauh. Setelah serangan influenza yang parah dan beberapa serangan jantung, Helena meninggal pada bulan Juni 1923.

Princess Louise Caroline Alberta, Duchess of Argyll Embed from Getty Ratu victoria Lahir: 18 Maret 1848 Meninggal: 3 Desember 1939 (berusia 91) Berbeda dengan Helena, Louise dianggap sebagai putri tercantik dari Victoria. Dia selalu lincah - kadang-kadang berlidah tajam dan murung - dan merupakan seniman yang mahir dalam menggambar, melukis, dan memahat. Louise adalah pendukung kuat seni dan pendidikan tinggi, dan dalam beberapa hal adalah keluarga yang paling berpandangan ke depan, mendukung kesetaraan perempuan dalam pendidikan dan pekerjaan.

Bertekad untuk mengejar karir artistik (sebanyak yang dimungkinkan karena status kerajaannya), Louise adalah anggota pertama keluarga yang menghadiri lembaga ratu victoria publik - the National Art Training School. Di antara karya-karyanya yang terbesar adalah patung Ratu Victoria dengan jubah penobatannya, yang didirikan di Kensington Gardens; sebuah peringatan di Isle of Wight untuk saudara iparnya, Pangeran Henry of Battenberg, yang meninggal karena malaria pada Januari 1896; dan peringatan untuk prajurit kolonial yang terbunuh dalam Perang Boer, yang dapat ditemukan di Katedral St Paul di London.

Embed from Getty Images Louise menikahi John Campbell, yang kemudian menjadi Duke of Argyll ke-9, pada 21 Maret 1871. Campbell duduk di Westminster sebagai anggota parlemen Liberal dan kemudian sebagai anggota serikat Liberal, dan juga menjabat sebagai gubernur jenderal Kanada. Itu adalah pernikahan tanpa anak di mana mereka menghabiskan banyak waktu terpisah - meskipun mereka tampaknya tetap berteman baik.

Campbell dikenal sebagai gay, dan godaan Louise yang sesekali dengan pria lain di court terkadang memicu sindiran dan gosip dari orang-orang yang curiga ia terlibat dalam hubungan rahasia. Louise, seperti saudara perempuannya Helena, tetap sibuk sepanjang hidupnya dengan pekerjaan amal.

Dia meninggal pada tahun 1939 pada usia 91. Arthur William Patrick Albert Embed from Getty Images Lahir: 1 Mei 1850 Meninggal: 16 Januari 1942 (berusia 91) Arthur, yang kemudian menjadi Duke of Connaught and Strathearn pada tahun 1874, adalah bayi yang kuat dan sehat yang memiliki emosi yang tenang tanpa kemarahan kepada beberapa saudara kandungnya, dan berani tanpa gegabah.

Selalu sopan dan patuh, Arthur dikatakan sebagai favorit ratu; ketika dia berusia delapan tahun, Victoria menulis kepada suaminya bahwa Arthur “sayang, lebih sayang daripada yang lainnya, jadi setelah kamu dia adalah benda paling berharga bagiku di Bumi”. Sebagai seorang anak, Arthur mengatakan bahwa dia akan menjadi seorang prajurit ketika dia dewasa - mimpi yang dia penuhi. Ia bergabung dengan tentara pada usia 16 dan melanjutkan kariernya yang cemerlang termasuk dinas militer di Afrika Selatan, Mesir, dan India.

Dia akhirnya menjadi inspektur jenderal pasukan Inggris dan akhirnya gubernur jenderal Kanada. Sepanjang hidupnya, seperti pada masa kanak-kanak, Arthur jarang menyebabkan ratu kesulitan atau kecemasan. Dia memiliki karunia langka untuk bergaul dengan semua anggota keluarga, tak terkecuali keponakannya William, Kaisar Jerman terakhir, yang sering membuat kesal anggota keluarganya. Alfred berada di Berlin pada Januari 1901 ketika dia mengetahui bahwa ibunya sakit parah, dan kaisar bersikeras untuk bepergian kembali ke Inggris bersamanya, dilaporkan penuh dengan lelucon dan humor yang baik, William mengatakan kepada rombonganya bahwa “Paman Arthur sangat tertekan kita harus menyemangatinya ”.

Bahkan di usia lanjut, Arthur terus melayani dalam kapasitas militer, meskipun ia sebagian besar telah mengundurkan diri dari kehidupan publik pada saat ulang tahunnya yang ke-80. Arthur hidup lebih lama dari istrinya (Princess Louise Margaret of Prusia) dan dua dari tiga anak mereka, Arthur meninggal pada tahun 1942 pada usia 91 tahun. Leopold George Duncan Albert Embed from Getty Images Lahir: 7 April 1853 Meninggal: 28 Maret 1884 (berusia 30) Leopold, menjadi Duke of Albany pada tahun 1881, adalah anak yang pandai dan lucu.

Ia belajar membaca dengan cepat dan mengagumi musik dan seni. Sedihnya, dia juga adalah “child of anxiety” orangtuanya. Awalnya dia menderita pencernaan yang lemah dan sangat kurus; mudah memar dan sangat menderita ratu victoria kali dia jatuh. Belakangan diketahui bahwa ia menderita hemofilia, ratu victoria kondisi yang mencegah pembekuan darah dengan benar, yang berarti bahwa kecelakaan apa pun bagi Leopold bisa berakibat fatal.

Karena kesehatannya yang buruk, Leopold dicegah dari mengikuti service career. Leopold, diizinkan untuk belajar di Universitas Oxford, kemudian menjadi patron seni dan sastra dan, untuk sementara waktu, Leopold menjadi sekretaris tidak resmi untuk ibunya. Victoria selalu melindungi Leopold, walaupun dan kadang-kadang Leopold secara terbuka menentang ibunya. Suatu kali, Leopold menolak untuk menemani Ratu Victoria pada kunjungan tahunannya ke Balmoral, dengan alasan bahwa ia selalu "bosan" di sana.

Ibunya dengan enggan mengizinkannya menghabiskan beberapa hari di Paris, dan setibanya di sana dia mengumumkan bahwa dia akan tinggal selama dua minggu penuh. Leopold mengejutkan ibunya dengan tidak hanya hidup sampai dewasa tetapi juga menikah, istrinya adalah Princess Helena of Waldeck-Pyrmont.

Pasangan itu menikah pada tahun 1882 dan memiliki dua anak: Alice, kemudian ratu victoria Countess of Athlone; dan Charles, yang kemudian menjadi Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Sedihnya, Leopold tidak pernah hidup untuk melihat kelahiran putranya, karena ia meninggal mendadak pada usia 30 tahun setelah jatuh dan mengalami pendarahan otak. Beatrice Mary Victoria Feodore Embed from Getty Images Lahir: 14 April 1857 Meninggal: 26 Oktober 1944 (berusia ratu victoria Beatrice, ratu victoria dipanggil 'Baby' oleh ibunya hingga dewasa, selalu diperlakukan dengan sabar.

Dia cenderung agak kurang ajar - tetapi dengan pesona yang memungkinkannya lolos tanpa takut dimarahi. Ketika diberi tahu di meja makan bahwa dia tidak diizinkan makan makanan tertentu, Beatrice menahan diri, menirukan suara ratu victoria sambil bersikeras, “but she likes it, my dear”.

Pada usia lima tahun, Beatrice mengumumkan bahwa dia tidak suka pernikahan dan tidak akan pernah menikah dan akan tetap tinggal bersama Victoria. Selama 20 tahun berikutnya, sepertinya dia bisa menepati janjinya, sampai pada 1884 dia jatuh cinta pada Prince Henry of Battenberg dan bersikeras Beatrice akan menjadi istrinya. Ratu Victoria tercengang, dan selama beberapa minggu hubungan antara ibu dan anak itu menjadi tegang.

Embed from Getty Images Namun, ketika anggota keluarga lainnya mendukung saudara perempuan mereka - dan memberi tahu ibu mereka bahwa Ratu victoria memiliki hak untuk menjalani hidupnya sendiri - Victoria mengalah.

Beatrice diizinkan menikah dengan syarat dia dan Henry tinggal bersama sang ratu. Henry setuju, tetapi setelah beberapa tahun Henry menjadi gelisah, bosan dengan kehidupan keluarga domestiknya yang lancar, dan ingin melayani negaranya dalam kapasitas yang lebih aktif. Setelah bergabung dengan ekspedisi militer ke Afrika pada tahun 1895, ia terkena malaria dan dikirim kembali ke Inggris - tetapi ia meninggal dalam perjalanan pulang.

Setelah kematian Pangeran Albert pada tahun 1861, Beatrice tetap untuk waktu yang lama menjadi pendamping ibunya yang selalu menjadi janda. Tahun-tahun terakhir Beatrice diselimuti oleh kesehatan yang buruk, tetapi ia hidup panjang dan meninggal pada tahun 1944 pada usia 87 tahun.

Sumber : HistoryExtra Sumber : Wikipedia Sumber : HistoryExtra Princess Leonor HRH Princess Leonor of Asturias, pewaris takhta Spanyol, dan Princess Alexia of the Netherlands masuk dalam daftar terbaru dalam garis panjang bangsawan Eropa yang dididik di UWC Atlantic College di Wales. Embed from Getty Images HRH Princess Leonor of Asturias, calon Ratu Spanyol, telah berangkat ke Wales untuk bersekolah di UWC Atlantic College. Sekolah bersejarah ini menjadi favorit para bangsawan Eropa, dan Princess Alexia of the Netherlands juga menjadi salah satu siswa yang mulai bersekolah di sana pada tahun ajaran ini.

Kedua putri itu sama-sama difoto menuju UWC, yang dikenal dengan bangunan kastelnya yang menakjubkan dan cakupan subjek yang tidak biasa, termasuk sastra Tai Chi dan Tibet. Raja Felipe dan Ratu Letizia dari Spanyol berbagi foto keluarga, termasuk putri bungsu mereka, Putri Sofia, memeluk Leonor yang berusia 15 tahun di Bandara Adolfo Suarez Barajas Madrid.

Embed from Getty Images Sementara itu, Raja Willem Alexander dan Ratu Maxima membagikan fo Jack Ratu victoria & Princess Eugenie Jack Brooksbank bersenang-senang di kapal pesiar setelah menyewa perahu dengan tiga teman wanita.

Jack Brooksbank, berkeliaran di kapal bersama teman-temannya Rachel Zalis, Maria Buccellati, dan Erica Pelosini. Dia terlihat merangkul Maria - seorang model yang menjadi duta mode, yang mengenakan baju renang oranye.

Jack & Maria LIHAT FOTO-FOTO LAINNYA DISINI Dia juga menyeringai saat dia bermain-main di Med dengan model Italia berambut pirang yang topless Erica.

Jack, yang merupakan seorang direktur merek Eropa, Casamigos Tequila, berenang di laut untuk menenangkan diri saat bertamasya di pulau Capri, Italia. Salah satu teman Jack yang berada di atas kapal, Ratu victoria, adalah mantan editor majalah, yang sekarang menjadi direktur global Casamigos.

Jack juga terlihat bersantai di geladak kapal bersama ketiga wanita itu. Dia terlihat membaca buku, lalu menyeruput minuman sambil mengobrol dengan kapten kapal.

Lihat postingan ini di Instagram Duke of Sussex Lebih dari seminggu setelah "kesalahan administrasi" pertama kali terlihat, Duke of Sussex tidak lagi dikreditkan sebagai "HRH" setelah ia dan William meminjamkan gaun pengantin ibunya untuk dipamerkan di Istana Kensington.

Di bawah perjanjian Megxit yang membuat Harry dan istrinya Meghan Markle keluar dari Inggris dan pindah ke AS, disepakati bahwa Harry dan Meghan tidak dapat menggunakan gelar HRH-nya, meskipun mereka tetap memilikinya.

Tertulis "Lent by HRH The Duke of Cambridge and The Duke of Sussex Foto yang diambil pada hari Rabu menunjukkan informasi yang belum diperbarui.

Di pameran Princess Diana, sebelumnya tertulis lent by HRH The Duke of Cambridge and HRH The Duke of Sussex, namun Royal Collection Trust mengakui itu adalah "kesalahan administrasi" dan diubah untuk mencerminkan status baru Pangeran Harry. Plakat sebelum dan sesudah dikoreksi Namun telah muncul foto-foto yang menunjukkan gelar Harry sudah tidak ada lagi.

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